را ه‌هاي تاديب نفس از منظر فيض كاشاني

The Ways of Self-Chastisement from Feiz Kashani’s Viewpoint

فيض كاشاني از بزرگ‌ترين دانشوران و فلاسفه‌ مسلمان قرن يازدهم است. تمامي آثار وي مبتني بر معرفت و قرب الهي است و اين مطلوب را تنها از طريق زهد و عبادت و گذشتن از هدف‌هاي دنيوي امكان‌پذير مي‌داند. او همگامي تربيت عملي با مباني نظري دين را شرط اساسي رسيدن به معرفت حق مي‌داند و با رد انواع ديگر معرفت، مانند معرفتي كه فلاسفه از راه براهين عقلي مي‌آورند، بر پايبند بودن خود در مقام يك فيلسوف مسلمان صحه مي‌گذارد. اعتقادات او بر اين است كه فرد مسلمان بايد همواره به ارزيابي خويش بپردازد و براي رسيدن به بالاترين معرفت همواره از نفس خويش حسابرسي كند، تا از اين طريق عيوب نفساني وي آشكار و دفع افسد برايش آسان شود‌. نگارنده به شيوه توصيفي و تحليلي و با استناد به كتب اخلاقي و تربيتي فيض بالاخص الحقايق، المحجه‌البيضا و شرح رساله زاد السالك، طريقه وصول نفس به عالي‌ترين مرتبه را بازگو كرده است و اين سير و سلوك را از طرق مختلف از جمله: سعي و جهد فرد در خود‌سازي خويشتن، همنشيني با خردمندان، و عبرت‌آموزي از زشت‌كرداران و ... ميسر مي‌داند. در اين پژوهه تلاش شده است به اصول و روش‌هاي تربيتي برگرفته از راه‌هاي تاديب نفس پرداخته شود. برخي از اصول و (روش‌هاي) به‌دست‌آمده عبارت است از: احياي ميثاق فطرت (تربيت عملي)، نيك‌انديشي (پرورش روحيه مثبت‌نگري)و... .

Feiz Kashani is one of the great muslim scholars and philosophers from century 11. All of his works based on cognition and divine proximity and the desirable fact from his viewpoint is possible only through piety, worship and renunciation from worldly objects. He regard as practical training along with theoretical training of religion, foundamental condition of attaining to divine cognition; Furthermore, by rejection of other types of cognition, such as knowledge that philosophers obtained by means of rational reasoning, he as a muslim philosopher, confirm his faithfulness and loyalty. In his belief, a muslim person always has to assess his self and for attaining to highest cognition constantly must to audit his self that thereby his carnal weaknesses to be revealed and eliminating of immorality be facilitated. The author in the descriptive and analytic way and on the basis of moral and educational books of Feiz specially Al-Haqayeq, Al-Mahajja-Al-Bayzza’, and explanation of Zad-Al-Salek essay, has related the means of self-attaining to highest level. In his opinion, treading a path is possible in different ways: individual strenuous efforts in self-education, companionship with intellects, and following the example of the wicked. In this research, have been attempted to be deal with the principles and educational methods derived from self-chastisement ways. Some of the obtained principles and ways as followed: revival of temperamental covenant (practical training), good-thinking (cultivating the spirit of positive orientation). Keywords: Feiz Kashani, Self-Chastisement, Decontamination, Belief in God, Self-Knowledge.