نظريه شناخت در علوم عقلي اسلامي

The Theory of Knowledge in Muslim Intellectual Sciences

فيلسوفان، متكلمان، منطقيان و اصوليان مسلمان شناخت را باور صادق جزمي ثابت تعريف كرد ه اند، ظنون را ملحق به جهل دانسته و قلمرو شناخت يقيني را حقايق ضروري و شناخت غير يقيني را حقايق امكاني بحساب آورده اند. بر اساس تعاريف و اصول موضوعه آنان، مي توان بدست آورد كه معيار شناخت اين است كه باور از منشا مناسب پديد آمده باشد. بر همين اساس، قيدهاي "جزمي" و "ثابت" در تعريف شناخت زايداند و ذكر آنها به سبب تفكيك نشدن تعريف از معيار شناخت و احكام غيرشناختي باور از احكام شناختي آن است. رويكرد آنان در معرفت‌شناسي برون گرايانه است.

Muslim philosophers, theologians, logicians and experts in Usul have defined knowledge as “stable, ascertained true belief”. Counting conjectures as semi- knowledge and semi -ignorance, they believe that ascertained knowledge is confined to the domain of necessary facts, while conjectural knowledge relates to the domain of contingent facts. Based on the definitions and axioms they adhered to, we can infer that they suggest that the appropriate source of belief as the criterion of knowledge. Thus we may qualify the received definition of knowledge by illuminating two parts of it i.e. “stable” and “ascertained” beccaus they are redundant. The reason why they have included these two parts is first, failure to distinguish the definition of knowledge from its criteria and second, separate the cognitive characteristics of belief from non-cognitive ones. Their approach can be described as externalistic and foundationalistic.