ارزيابي ميزان آگاهي كشاورزان و تحليل وضعيت و نحوه بهر‌ه‌برداري از منابع آب و خاك (مطالعه موردي در استان هاي تهران، خوزستان، مازندران و گلستان)

An Identification of Farmersʹʹ Technical Knowledge of Soil and Vater Issues (case study in Tehran, Khuzestan, Golestan and Mazandaran Provinces)

اين تحقيق به منظور ارزيابي ميزان آگاهي كشاورزان از مسايل آب و خاك و نحوه بهر‌ه‌برداري از منابع آب و خاك در چهار استان تهران، خوزستان، گلستان و مازندران اجرا شد. جامعه آماري اين تحقيق را 763 نفر از كشاورزان و ابزار اندازه‌گيري پرسشنامه، مصاحبه حضوري با كشاورزان، برگزاري ميزگرد و بازديدهاي كارشناسي بود. نتايج نشان داد كه هرچند، در برخي موارد از جمله تناوب زراعي، مصرف سموم و كودهاي شيميايي، ميزان آگاهي كشاورزان در حد متوسط ارزيابي مي‌گردند، بطور كلي ميزان آگاهي كشاورزان از مسايل آب و خاك در همه استان هاي مورد مطالعه كم و تا افق ايده ال فاصله زيادي دارد. ميزان آگاهي كشاورزان در استان هاي خوزستان و تهران قدري بيشتر از استان هاي گلستان و مازندران و اين تفاوت در سطح 1 درصد معني دار بود. عمده زارعان مورد پرسش (97 درصد) فاقد وسايل اندازه گيري جريان آب بوده و از ميزان آب مصرفي خود بي اطلاع بودند. معيار شروع آبياري (56 درصد) و مقدار آب آبياري (64 درصد) در اغلب كشاورزان تجربي بود. بيش از 90 درصد مخاطبان طرح با كاربرد نرم افزارها، كامپيوتر و اينترنت در كشاورزي آشنا نبودند. اغلب دوره هاي آموزشي برگزار شده، مرتبط با مسايل زراعي (81 درصد) بوده و آموزش مسايل آب و خاك از جمله برنامه ريزي آبياري، مديريت آبياري و آشنايي با روش-هاي نوين آبياري به ندرت براي بهره برداران اجرا شده بود. مشكلات اصلي بهره برداران كمبود كمي و كيفي نهاده ها (39 درصد)، كمبود آب (28 درصد)، و كمبود ماشين آلات كشاورزي (12 درصد) عنوان شد. نيازهاي آموزشي بهره برداران استان هاي مورد مطالعه نيز اولويت بندي و ارايه شدند.

This study is aimed at an identification of farmersʹ knowledge level on soil and water issues, hardware and software requirements, and to characterize farmersʹ educational priorities in Tehran, Khuzestan, Golestan, and Mazandaran Provinces. Three pilot plans were selected and evaluated in each province. Field survey was employed and the required data collected via personal interview whit the farmers, filling questionnaires, and consulting with local experts and authorities in the studied regions. The reliability of data was assessed through Cronbachʹs Alpha coefficient being about 0.81. Results showed that in spite of many activities and attempts done in the studied regions (including educational and extensional affairs, administrate executive plans, i.e., irrigation and drainage networks, encouraging farmers to level their land channel lining, developing pressurized irrigation systems, etc.), the actual condition of water and soil management in the study regions is a long way away from the ideal. In general, the farmersʹ technical knowledge regarding soil and water issues was relatively low among the farmers questioned. However, they benefited from an average knowledge of agronomy e.g. rotation, application of nutrients and pesticides/herbicides mainly due to the fact that those inputs are payed for, and also one can actually observe their beneficial effects in the field. Most farmers (96.6%) did not measure the applied water to their fields, instead, they concentrated on their indigenous knowledge. Time (56%) and amount (64%) of irrigation water applied to the fields was based upon the farmerʹs local knowledge. Over 90% of the farmers involved in the study were not familiar with internet, computer and neither whit soil and water management softwares. The conducted training courses for farmers were mainly related to agronomy issues (81%). Rarely, they were provided training courses concerning such soil and water issues as, irrigation scheduling, irrigation management, and advanced irrigation methods. Main challenges in the regions under study were insufficient inputs (39%), water scarcity (28%), and inadequate agricultural machinery (12%). Educational priorities in the studied regions were also determined and presented.