روايت اسنادي قحطي شرق ايران در جنگ جهاني اول

Documented Narration of Famine in East of Iran in the First World War

چكيده كشور ايران به دليل موقعيت جغرافيايي خود و قرار گرفتن در اقليم خشك، پيوسته در معرض هجوم بيگانگان و بروز خشكي ها و قحطي هاي ادواري بوده است. موقعيت خاص جغرافيايي ايران در واقع، باعث شده بود اين كشور با داشتن موانع طبيعي، آب و هوا و ديگر ويژگي هاي اقليمي به قسمت هاي كاملاً متفاوتي تقسيم شود كه در بسياري از موارد، اين بخش ها از يكديگر مجزا شده بودند كه در مواقع بحراني نمي توانستند به ياري يكديگر بشتابند. نبود راه هاي حمل و نقل سريع و ارزان، مزيد بر علت شده و گردش كالاهاي گوناگون بويژه غلات و مواد خوراكي بين ايالات و ولايات را دايماً با اشكال روبه رو مي كرد و در نتيجه، بر ساير بخش هاي اقتصادي و اجتماعي كشور تاثيري نامطلوب بر جاي مي گذاشت. در اين بين در پي وقوع جنگ جهاني اول كه سراسر ايران به تصرف دولت هاي روسيه و انگليس درآمد، مقارن با ايامي شد كه در بسياري از نقاط كشور بارش اندك و ناكافي موجب آشكار شدن قحطي شد و مردم ايران در سختي حاصل از آن به سر مي بردند. بررسي هاي انجام شده از منظر تاريخي و بويژه با تكيه بر اسناد منتشر نشده نشان مي دهند در اين دوره كه با آشفتگي هاي برآمده از جنگ و پريشاني هاي سياسي، اجتماعي و اقتصادي توام شده بود، عوامل گوناگون طبيعي و انساني چندي باعث خشكي و قحطي شده و حضور نيروهاي بيگانه نيز بر شدت آن افزود و در نتيجه، قحطي بزرگ سال هاي 1296- 1298ش./ 1917- 1919 م. پديدار شد. مقاله ي كنوني با تكيه بر اسناد آرشيوي منتشر نشده ي موجود در سازمان اسناد ملي ايران و مركز اسناد و تاريخ ديپلماسي وزارت امور خارجه، قحطي و مصايب ناشي از آن را مورد بررسي و تحقيق علمي و تاريخي قرار مي دهد و نقش هريك از عوامل اصلي و فرعي آن، به خصوص حضور نيروهاي نظامي روسيه را تحليل و تبيين نمايد و ميزان اثرگذاري ايشان بر اين قحطي را معلوم نمايد. واژگان كليدي: قحطي، شرق ايران، جنگ جهاني اول، روسيه.

Abstract The country of Iran for its special geographical position and resting in dry climate continuously has been in exposure of enemies› invasion and to periodical drought and famine. In fact Iran›s special geographical situation of natural obstacles, climate condition, and the other climate characteristics had been caused that country to be divided to the several totally different parts and because of this division, in many cases these districts had been isolated from each other and so in critical occasions they weren’t able to back each other. The absence of the fast and cheap transportation roads had caused many problems and exchanging of the verities of goods especially grains and other nutrition between these different provinces and states of Iran were in a permanent difficulties and consequently produced negative effects on the other parts of economical and social sections of the country. Meanwhile following the First World War in which the whole parts of Iran was surrounded by Russia and England governments and this period was in coincidence with the time in which whole of the country suffered obvious drought due to the small amount or lake of rainfalls and had caused people throughout of Iran to be in difficult situation of life to pass. The studies conducted in historical aspects of views and specially based on unpublished documents demonstrate that in this period all of these problems which had been accompanied by political, social and economical disturb of war and the verities of natural and humanity disasters which in some period of times has caused drought and famine and then the presence of alien troops also increased the tense of worst situation and as a result the great famine was appeared throughout the nation in the years of 1917-1919. This existing research gathered its information based on the Iran’s National Archives unpublished documents plus diplomatic historical document centre of foreign ministry to research and inspect scientifically and historically the famine and its misfortunes and then to explain and analyze each role of its primary and secondary factors specially the presence of Russian armed forces in Iran to specify the degree of famine from them in this country. Keyword:Famine, Iran’s East, the First World War, Russia.