تحليل ارتباط بين قابليت پياده مداري محلات و آلودگي هوا مطالعه موردي: نواحي پيرامون ايستگاه هاي سنجش كيفيت هوا در شهر تهران

The Analysis of the relationship between capability of Neighborhoods Walkability and Air Pollution Case study: Areas around air quality monitoring stations in Tehran

ارتباط سلامت عمومي و برنامهريزي شهري، موضوعي نوين و در عين حال پراهميت است و توجه به اين مسيله در برنامه?ريزي آينده شهرها از جايگاهي ويژه برخوردار است. در اين مقاله، كيفيت هواي شهري به عنوان عاملي تاثيرگذار در سلامت شهروندان و پياده?مداري محلات از مشخصه?هاي مهم و نوين محيط انسان ساخت شهري، مورد نظر قرار دارند. امروزه بخش عظيمي از آلودگي هواي كلانشهرها به سبب انتشارات آلاينده?ها در بخش حمل?ونقل شهري است و اين امر لزوم توجه به گونه?هاي حمل?ونقل پايدار مانند حمل?ونقل عمومي را بيش?ازپيش آشكار مي?سازد. بدين منظور اين مطالعه به بررسي قابليت پياده?مداري محلات به عنوان راهبردي تاثيرگذار و بلندمدت در راستاي ارتقاي سفرهاي پياده شهري و كاهش آلودگي هوا ميپردازد. در اين پژوهش، از ميانگين غلظت ساليانه (در سال 1389) براي آلاينده?هاي O3، NO، CO، PM10 و تخمين قابليت پياده?مداري در چهارده محدوده پيرامون ايستگاه?هاي سنجش كيفيت هوا، استفاده شد و در ادامه تغييرات ميزان آلاينده?ها و قابليت پياده?مداري محلات با فاصله از مركز شهر و همچنين ميزان همبستگي غلظت آلاينده?ها و قابليت پياده?مداري محلات با استفاده از تحليل رگرسيوني و همبستگي مورد تحليل قرار گرفت. يافته?هاي پژوهش حاكي از افزايش غلظت آلاينده?هاي اوليه و قابليت پياده?مداري محلات در نواحي پيرامون مركز شهر و افزايش غلظت آلاينده ثانويه O3 با فاصله از مركز شهر است. همچنين قابليت پياده?مداري محلات و غلظت آلاينده?هاي O3 و PM10 داراي همبستگي معناداري با يكديگر مي?باشند.

The relationship between public health and urban planning is an innovative and important issue which enjoys a prominent position in the future urban planning. In this regard, adverse air quality condition and air pollutant concentrations higher than the permitted limit set by the World Health Organization are considered as a threat to the health of citizens in big cities. According to result of air pollution monitoring (conducted in the Tehran Air Quality Control Company), Tehran air quality has deteriorated in recent years. Likewise, according to the World Bank estimates, the annual economic value of losses of life and damage caused by air pollution in Iran is totaled $ 1.8 billion and Tehran residents’ lifetime has on average become shorter by 5 years. Owing to the special geographical condition (topography and meteorology), social (population distribution and traffic), culture (level of culture and related education) and urban development, Tehran metropolitan is faced with the dilemma of air pollution. It is necessary to mention that motor-vehicle emissions are the primary source of most ?ne and ultra-?ne particles in Tehran (More than 70 percent of Tehran’s air pollution is related to motor-vehicle emissions). Both urban air quality as an influential factor in public health and neighborhoods walkability as another important feature of urban built environment are considered in this paper. It should be noted that a large part of the current metropolitan air pollution is caused by emissions from the urban transport sector; thus representing the importance of public and sustainable urban transport. Having this in mind, this study focuses on capability of neighborhoods walkability as a long-term and effective strategy to promote walking trips and improve urban air quality. In this research, the average annual concentrations (in years 2010-2011) of Ozone (O3), Nitric oxide (NO), Carbon monoxide (CO), Particulate matter (PM10), and capability of neighborhoods walkability in fourteen areas around air quality monitoring stations are studied. To estimate the capability of walkability, the 2009 model proposed by Marshal and his colleagues is utilized with slight modification. Measures that are used in the equation include net residential density, intersection density, land-use mix, retail units density and average distance from public transport stations. In the next step, correlations between them are calculated using correlation and regression models along with spatial analysis in relation to distance from city centers. These data were analyzed and calculated in ArcMap software. In addition, city centers were determined based on Tehran master plan approved in 2007. Research pinpoint the concentration of primary pollutants, capabilities of neighborhoods walkability increase in adjacent areas of city center and the concentration of secondary pollutant O3 increase with distance from city center. Capability of neighborhoods walkability and concentration of Ozone (O3) and PM10 were also correlated with each other. In addition, the highest walkability area was observed in surrounding area of Golbarg, region 4 and 7 stations and surrounding areas of Pasdaran and Ostandari stations were the most polluted among the others areas.