نسبت حافظ با مجبره و اشاعره

The Relation of Hafez to Ashʹarite and Determinism Schools

يكي از مباحث مهم درباره شعر و انديشه حافظ، مبحث جبرگرايي است. گرچه محققان از جنبه‌هاي گوناگون اين مسيله را مطالعه كرده‌اند؛ اين موضوع نيز مانند بسياري از موضوعات مربوط به حافظ محل مناقشه است. برخي از محققان، جبرانگاري حافظ را تاييد كرده‌اند، گرچه در اشعري‌گرايي او اتفاق ندارند؛ بيشتر آنان در اين نكته تامل كرده و انديشه حافظ را وراي عقيده مجبره و اشاعره مي‌دانند. در اين مقاله ضمن طرح اين‌گونه ديدگاه‌ها به اين نكته توجه شده كه موضوع اختلاف اشاعره و معتزله بر سر فعل ارادي انسان است و هر عقيده جبري را نمي‌توان ديدگاهي اشعري و حتي مومنانه تلقي كرد. سپس نگاه رندانه حافظ به جبر مطالعه و با شواهد متعدد از ديوان وي، نشان داده شده كه حافظ اين‌گونه اشعار را در جواب ملامتگراني آورده كه وي را به عشق و رندي متهم مي‌كنند. سرانجام نيز ديدگاه محققاني كه با اين عقيده همسو هستند مطرح شده است. نتيجه پژوهش‌هاي مقاله نشان مي‌دهد كه بيشتر ابيات حافظ كه ظاهري جبرگرا دارد، در مقام مجادله با ملامتگران و ناظر بر مهم‌ترين ايراد معتزله بر جبرگرايان است. بنابر اين نه تنها جبري و اشعري مسلك‌بودن حافظ را اثبات نمي‌كند، بلكه دليلي بر اختلاف فكري حافظ با آنان است.

One of the signifying issues about poetry and thought of Hafez, a Persian poet, is determinism and fatalism. Although a number of researchers have studied this topic from different aspects, it is still, like so many other issues about Hafez, seriously debatable. A part of scholars have stressed on determinism in his poetry, even if they don’t reach to any common point about his being Ash’ari. Most of them have believed in not his being a part of these two schools. In this paper, firstly, a quick review of different standpoints about Hafez’s thought world will put forward. Then the discussion goes through the dissension of Ash’arite and Muʹtazilah schools, which based on the human’s intended or chosen’s act, considering that every deterministic belief is not attributed to Ash’arite or any kind of theological approach. Finally, through focusing on the freethinking behavior of Hafez toward the determinism, based on various examples from his poetry book, it is rendered that these reneges of poems are composed in reply to his reproachers who had charged him with the profligacy and love. At the end, the viewpoint of researchers who believed in determinism of Hafez is negotiated. As a result, most of Hafez’s poems which are apparently in harmony with determinism school, considered as his disputing with the reproachers as well as criticizing Ash’arite and Muʹtazilah in terms of ignoring freedom of choice. To come to the point, being a part of determinism and Ash’rite school not only could not explain Hafez as he is but also is against his disagreement with these schools.