كاوشي در مباني نظري استنباطات فقهي سيد مرتضي در «ناصريات»

A Survey of Theoretical Principles of SeyyedMurtazaʹʹs Jurisprudential Inferences in AL-Nāşirīyyāt

در ميان فقيهان،‌ اين جمله مشهور است كه: «فقيه‌ترين مردم آشناترين ايشان به اختلافات فقهي است». گويا كسي كه همه مواضع فقهيِ پيشوايان و مجتهدان مذاهب و دلايل آنها را از نظر گذرانده است و به موضع فقهي خاصي به صورت مدلل و مستدل رسيده، حتماً از توانايي فقهي بيشتري برخوردار است. در ميان عالمان اماميه، يكي از نخستين فقيهاني كه به «فقه الخلاف» پرداخته و آثاري را در « فقه مقارَن» پديد آورده، سيد مرتضي متوفاي 436 قمري است. مهم‌ترين اثر مقايسه‌ايِِ سيد پس از انتصار، مسايل ناصريات است كه در ذيل مواضع فقهي نياي مادري‌ وي (ناصر اطروش) شكل گرفته است. بررسي روش‌شناسانه استنباط‌ها و استدلال‌هاي سيد با تاكيد بر مصادر و دلايل فقهي ايشان در ناصريات، رسالتي است كه در اين نوشتار دنبال مي‌شود و با نيم‌نگاهي به انتصار و با استناد به ديگر آثار سيد، نشان خواهيم داد كه «اجماع اماميه» و گاهي «اجماع اهل بيت» جايگاه ويژه‌اي در مواضع فقهي و كلامي ايشان يافته و تا حد زيادي خلا خبر واحد را (كه مقبول سيد نيست) پركرده است. البته ايشان در برخي آثارش مستند اصلي فقه اماميه را احاديث متواتر دانسته و در برخي از ديگر آثارش نشان داده است كه مي‌تواند با تكيه بر قرآن و احاديث نبوي (ولو خبر واحد باشند) و حتي با تكيه بر قياس مقبول مخالفان نيز به اثبات مواضع فقهي اماميه بپردازد

Amongst jurisprudents, it is well-known that "the most informed jurisprudent is the most familiar person with jurisprudential disputes". One who has considered all the jurisprudential views of leaders and specialists of schools and their arguments and has accepted a special jurisprudential view reasonably, he has surely had more jurisprudential knowledge. Amongst Imamite scholars, SeyyedMurtaza (d. 436 AH) is one of the first jurisprudents who has discussed different jurisprudential views and has written some books about comparative jurisprudence. Amongst his books in this genre, the most important after Inti??r is Mas?`il AL-N??ir?yy?t which is composed to explain and sometimes criticize the jurisprudential views of his great grandfather (from his mother side), namely Nasirutroush. This paper concerns to study the methodology of SeyyedMurtaza in his argumentations and deductions with emphasis on his jurisprudential sources and proofs. Considering Inti??r and other jurisprudential sources of SeyyedMurtaza, "the consensus of Imamite scholars" and sometimes " the consensus of Ahl Al-Bayt (AS)" has had a special place in his jurisprudential and theological views and it is employed to feel the need for legitimacy in absence of isolated tradition which is not accepted by SeyyedMurtaza and his master Sheikh Mufid. Of course SeyyedMurtaza claims that the main source of Imamite jurisprudents is unanimous traditions, and he tries to improve Imamite jurisprudential positions on the basis of Kitab (Quran) and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), even isolated traditions, and jurisprudential analogy which are not accepted by imamitescholors or SeyyedMurtaza and his master Sheikh Mufid.