تاثير انواع و مقادير مختلف كودهاي شيميايي و دامي بر عملكرد كمّي و كيفي اسانس گل‌محمدي (Rosa damascena Mill.)

Effects of different fertilizers (macro and micro elements) on quantity and quality of essential oil and other byproducts of Rosa damascena Mill. in Iran

تاثير كودهاي شيميايي، دامي و تلفيقي از آنها شامل 20 تيمار بر عملكرد كمّي و كيفي گل‌محمدي (Rosa damascena Mill.) با استفاده از طرح بلوك‌هاي كامل تصادفي با سه تكرار در مجتمع تحقيقاتي البرز كرج در خاك لوم رسي با 9/7 = pH مورد بررسي قرار گرفت. در اين مطالعه از نيتروژن، فسفر، پتاسيم و تركيبي از عناصر ريز‌مغذي و كود گاوي استفاده شد. اسانس موجود در گلبرگ‌هاي گياه در هر تيمار در سه سال متوالي با روش تقطير با آب استخراج گرديد و تركيب اسانس در سال اول و دوم گلدهي با استفاده از دستگاه GC و GC/MS شناسايي شد. درصد اسانس در مجموع سه سال در تيمار N80P80K40 به همراه 30 تن در هكتار كود دامي بيشترين مقدار بود. متوسط مقدار اسانس در سه سال متوالي در اين تركيب كودي با 35/0% بيشترين مقدار و در تيمار شاهد با 23/0% كمترين مقدار بود. بيشترين عملكرد اسانس در اين سه سال هم در تيمار N40P40K40 با مقدار 58/1395 گرم در هكتار بود. كمترين مقدار در تيمار 40 تن كود دامي (23/636 گرم در هكتار) بود. تيمار شاهد با 98/868 گرم در هكتار نيز عملكرد اسانس كمي را در اين سه سال داشت. از نظر تركيب اسانس در سال اول گلدهي مقدار لينالول، سيترونلول و ژرانيول در تيمار كودي N40P40K40 نسبت به شاهد به‌ترتيب 88، 39 و 36 درصد افزايش يافت. در سال دوم گلدهي نيز مقدار ژرانيول اين تيمار نسبت به شاهد 45% افزايش داشت.

In this project, the effect of chemical fertilizers, organic manure and their combination on the quality of essential oils of Damask Rosa was investigated in Karadj Alborz Research Station. The study was conducted using randomized complete blocks design with 20 independent treatments and three replications in a loam-clay soil with pH =7.9. In this experiment, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash and a combination of trace elements as fertilizer and cow manure were used. Amount of essential oil and quality of essential oil at different treatments were measured in 3 years. Essential oils of petals were extracted by hydrodistillation method in three consecutive years and oil composition was identified in the first and second years of flowering stage using GC and GC/MS. The results of analysis of variance and mean performance showed that the difference among treatments was significant at 1% level of probability. Treatment N80P80K40 and 30 tons of manure per hectare had the highest amount of essential oil. The average amount of essential oil in three consecutive years in this with 0.35 percent was the highest and in control with 0.23 percent was the lowest value. The highest average oil yield in the three years was recorded for treatment N40P40K40, (1395.58 g/ha), and minimum was obtained for the treatment consisting only 40 tons of manure, (636.23 g/ha). After that, the minimum oil yield was recorded for control treatment (868.98 g/ha) in these three years. The composition of essential oils in the first year of flowering showed that Linalool, Geraniol and Citronelllol increased 88, 39 and 36 percent, respectively in treatment N40P40K40, compared with the control. In the second year of flowering, the amount of Geraniol in this treatment increased by 45 percent and that of hexadekanol and heptadekan decreased 45 percent and 30 percent compared with the control.