وقف مصداق بارز ايقاع مملّك

Endowment as a Clear Example for Giving Possession Unilateral Contract

وقف يكي از اعمال حقوقي است كه درباره عقد يا ايقاع بودن آن و نيز در اينكه قبضْ شرط صحت يا لزوم وقف است، بين حقوق‌دانان اسلامي اتفاق نظر وجود ندارد. برخي، مال موقوفه را ملك خداوند و برخي نيز متعلّق به موقوف‌عليه مي‌دانند. اگر قبول و قبضْ شرط تحقق وقف نباشد و ملكيت از آنِ موقوف‌عليه باشد، مي‌توان وقف را مصداقي از ايقاع مملِّك دانست. با مراجعه به آراي فقها معلوم مي‌شود كه نه تنها قبول در وقف لازم نيست، بلكه قبض نيز از شرايط لزوم وقف است. بنابراين بر فرض آنكه مالكيت موقوفه به خداوند منتقل شود يا وقفْ فكِّ ملك باشد، باز هم منافع مال موقوفه در ملكيت موقوف‌عليه وارد مي‌شود، هرچند قول مشهور هم مالكيت عين و هم منافع را متعلق به موقوف‌عليه مي‌داند. بنابراين مي‌توان وقف را ماهيتاً ايقاع مملِّك دانست.

Endowment is a good tradition that we can see not only in Islam but also in other divine religion. Endowment is one of legal actions that the Muslim lawyers have different opinion about its being a contract or a unilateral contract. Moreover, there is disagreement whether the taking possession is stipulation for its correctness or for its requirement. Some believe that the endowment property belongs to God and some think that it belongs to the beneficiaries of trust. If acceptance and taking possession is not condition of the fulfillment of the endowment and it belongs to the beneficiaries, we can regard the endowment as an application for the giving unilateral contract. Referring to the views of jurists, it will be clear that not only the acceptance is not required, but the taking possession is regarded as the condition of the necessity of the endowment. Therefore, assumes that the ownership of the endowment transmit into God or the endowment was the removal of the property, again the interests of the endowment enter to the property of the beneficiaries of trust, even though the majority jurists believe that both property and interests belong to them. So it can be said that endowment in nature is giving possession unilateral contract. Key words: Endowment, Contract, Unilateral contract, Ownership of the endowed property, Giving possession unilateral contract.