مطالعه رابطه‌ جهاني‌شدن فرهنگي با فردگرايي و جمع‏گرايي جوانان

A Study of the Relationship between Cultural Globalization with Individualism and Collectivism (Research Subject: Shiraz City)

اين مطالعه به بررسي ارتباط جهاني شدن فرهنگي (با تاكيد بر سبك زندگي) و گرايش‌ فردگرايي و جمع‌گرايي جوانان شهر شيراز پرداخته است. پس از مرور مطالعات انجام شده و نظريه‌هاي موجود در رابطه با متغيرهاي مستقل و وابسته، چارچوب نظري تركيبي با توجه به نظريه گيدنز و نظريه‌ فردگرايي ـ جمع‌گرايي تريانديس تدوين شد. روش اين تحقيق پيمايشي و ابزار پرسشنامه بود. در همين راستا، تعداد 533 نفر از جوانان با استفاده از نمونه‌گيري تصادفي سهميه‌اي چند مرحله‌اي انتخاب شدند. يافته‌هاي مستخرج از چهار مدل رگرسيون چند متغيره نيز نشان داد كه متغيرهاي: سبك زندگي فراغتي ـ مدرن و سبك زندگي مجازي 58 درصد از تغييرات متغير فردگرايي عمودي و متغيرهاي: سبك زندگي فراغتي ـ مدرن و سبك زندگي فرهنگي ـ اجتماعي بر روي هم 8/15 درصد از تغييرات متغير فردگرايي افقي را تبيين كردند. براي متغير جمع‌گرايي افقي نيز دو متغير: سبك زندگي معطوف به مديريت بدن (بعد ظاهر) و سبك زندگي فراغتي ـ سنتي وارد معادله شده و 5/2 درصد از تغييرات فردگرايي افقي را تبيين كردند. دو متغير سبك زندگي مذهبي ـ سنتي و سبك زندگي مجازي نيز به ميزان 3/44 درصد متغير جمع‌گرايي عمودي كل را تبيين كردند.

Introduction The globalization culture refers to liberal broadcasting of culture, advances in IT, and changes in value systems, meaning systems and practices and lifestyles of communities. One of the effects of cultural globalization, which can be reproduced in the framework of the new values and lifestyles, is individualism. As a modern concept, individualism stands in contrast to collectivism and with its "I" (instead of "we") guides human behavior. Although the passion and commitment to the goals of the group form the basis of any social gathering, in individualistic societies, people tend to act based on their individual interests. Thus, the prevalence of individualism in the era of cultural globalization can hinder social development and lead to such problems as social isolation, reduction of the convergence and mutual trust, narcissism, selfishness, creation of very fragile and unstable social relations, family fragmentation, etc. Among different age groups of society, the youth tend to have a higher level of cultural receptivity and more contacts with the symbols and instruments of modernity and global ideas. Hence, the study of cultural globalization and individualism among this particular group is of crucial importance. Materials and Methods This study is based on quantitative approach in which the youthʹs tendency towards individualism and collectivism is measured in the city of Shiraz according to a theoretical framework composed of Giddensʹs views about globalization and lifestyle and Triandesʹ theory about individualism and collectivism. The study method was survey and the data was collected by a research-made questionnaire. Sample size includes 533 young citizens of Shiraz who were selected by random quota sampling method. Formal validity and construct validity of the instrument were obtained by operationalization of lifestyle, individualism and collectivism as research variables; we used factor analysis to guarantee construct validity. The variable of individualism has four dimensions of self-reliance, competitiveness, ambition and emotional distance, whereas collectivism variable has three dimensions of unity and integration, self-sacrifice and interdependence. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of the study show that individualism has a significant correlation with lifestyle in general and modern recreational lifestyle, figurative lifestyle, friendly lifestyle and lifestyle focused on body management in particular. Also, collectivism has a significant correlation with modern recreational lifestyle, religious lifestyle and recreational – traditional lifestyle and lifestyle in general. Such correlations confirm the theoretical framework and principles of the study, which talk about the modern nature of individualism. Considering todayʹs modern culture, which is associated with an abundance economy and the variety of selections, it is possible to talk about different lifestyles because the youth play a role in creating different styles and preferences in fields such as body management, how to pass recreation time, cooperation pattern, etc. Such differences make it possible for the youth to easily show behaviors which are specific to certain lifestyles and are simultaneously different from others. As a result of such diversity in lifestyles, the youth experience less homogeneity and similarity and more feelings of independence, distinguished status, and individuality.