نقد و بررسي مزارنويسي در تاريخ‌نگاري محلي ايران

Critiques and Examination of Mazar Writing (Chronicle)of IRAN Local Chronology

چكيده تدوين دايرهالمعارف گونه مزارها را بايد بخشي از تاريخ‌نگاري محلي با رويكردي مذهبي و فرهنگي دانست. از نظر تاريخ شهرنشيني، اين‌گونه كتب از اين جهت اهميت داشته‌اند كه وجود قبور عرفا، علما و اوليا، عاملي براي حفاظت شهر از آفات و بليات انساني، آسماني و طبيعي بشمار مي‌آمدند. آثار مزارنويسي در نكته مهم و قابل توجه اين‌كه تدوين عمده كتب مزارات در ايران از زمان روي كار آمدن تيموريان آغاز شده و قبل از آن ما كتب مستقل زيادي در مزارنويسي در تاريخ ايران نمي‌بينيم. اين امر را بيشتر از همه بايد معلول رشد تصوف در اين دوره دانست. از نيمه دوم سده هفتم تا نيمه اول سده دوازدهم در مجموع نه كتاب به صورت مستقل درباره مزارات شهرهاي، تبريز، شيراز، هرات، سمرقند، بخارا و كرمان تاليف شده است. مزارنويسان عمدتاً گرايش عرفاني داشتند و اكثراً از علما، شعرا و عرفاي زمان خود بودند و هدفشان راهنمايي زايران و شناساندن قبور امامان و فرزندان آن‌ها، آموزش آداب زيارت و پرهيز از اعمال ناروا در قبرستان‌ها، تقرب به ارواح طيبه و مشاهده مقدسه علماي دين و مشايخ، آشكار ساختن قدر و اعتبار و ارزش علما و مشايخ اسلام و اولياي بزرگ بوده است. اما توانسته‌اند به نوعي، بسياري اخبار و روايات و اطلاعات درباره حيات فرهنگي، اقتصادي، سياسي، اجتماعي و مذهبي شهرها را ارايه دهند.

Abstract The Mazar (chronicle) writing works are mainly divided into two classes: the basic works and the tributary works; theme of the 1st class books is especially allocated to the Mazarat (chronicles) of a township or an area. The 2nd class is works that had been compiled in a format of some local chronicles and cultural writings, but distinctivelly have dedicated a chapter for the chronology (Mazarat). This type of works is accounted for the essential resources of Iran local history, beside the history of towns. The important and notable point is that, the compilation of the mazarat (chronicle) books was begun since the era of Tamerlanes, and before them we do not see any independent book of Mazar (chronicle) writing in the Iranʹs history. This must be deemed much as causes of developing Sufism in this era. Since the 2nd half of 7th century till the half of 12th century, on the whole some 9 books had independently been compiled on the Mazarat (chronicles) of the Shiraz, Heart, Tabriz, Samarqand, Bokhara, and Kerman cities. Authors of the Mazarat had mainly mystic disposition, and were mostly from scientists, poems, and mystics of their era, and their aim had been guidance of pilgrims and their identifying of the Imams and their descendantsʹ tombs, training cods of pilgrimage and what to be abandoned in the cemetery, approach to the purified spirits and tombs of religious scientists and the great men, revealing values and credits and appreciation of Islamic theologians and great men and the great Saints. Although the Mazarat books has been compiled with the aim of offering signs of tombs and the dignitaries and scientists, statesmen, mystics, and sons of Imams, they has in some sense been able to offer much news and narrations and information on the cultural, economical, political, social, and religious life of the towns.