تشكيلات پيشه وري در عهد ايلخانان

The Organization of the Guilds in Ilkhanid Era

چكيده بازارهاي شهري، پس از شكل گيري زندگي و تثبيت ساختار شهري، نظم مشخصي به خود گرفتند و فعاليت بازاريان نيز در چهارچوب تشكيلات صنفي صورت مي گرفت. اصناف با نظر به ماهيت حكومت ها و چگونگي ساخت سياسي در ايران، ماهيت مستقل نداشتند اما پيدايش و تداوم فعاليت آنها با اهداف حكومتي و ساختار اجرايي آن در پيوند بود. ناظران بازار و روساي اصناف از طريق مناصب حكومتي تعيين مي شدند و به عنوان جزيي از اجزاي حكومت ها به منظور اداره آسان تر شهر در خدمت طبقه حاكمه بودند. گاه به اقتضاي وضع سياسي حاكم، اصناف نيز مانند ديگر گروه هاي شهري فرصتي پيدا مي كردند تا فعاليت هاي خود را منظم نموده تشكيلات خود را كارآمدتر كنند. عصر ايلخاني يكي از همين محدود موارد معدودي بود كه در آن از سر اجبار و در جهت حفظ هستي و يا به اختيار و در جهت پويايي بيشتر، فعاليت تشكيلاتي اهل بازار منظم تر شده و حوزه فعاليت هاي آنها گسترش يافته بود. بررسي زمينه هاي اين امر و دلايل پويايي فعاليت اصناف در اين عصر و جايگاه آنها در ساختار حيات شهري، مسايلي هستند كه در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي قرار مي گيرند.

Abstract: After the establishment of urban life in Iran and the stabilization of its structure; City Baazar also obtained a particular order and merchantile activities took place in the framework of guild organization. However; considering the essence of governments and political structure in Iran, guilds were not independent entities and their establishment and the continuity of their activities were linked to the goals of the government and heads of the guilds were appointed by governmental authorities; and as parts of governmental apparatus were of the service of the ruling class and easier administration of the city. Only in limited occasions, as the political situation required, guild likewise other urban associations, got the opportunity to organize themselves and make their organizations more effective. Ilkhanid Era is one of those limited occasions in which either out of necessity and self preservation or out of choice and in the direction of being more progressive, the organizational activity of merchants and craftsmen became more disciplined or its dimensions developed. The study of the grounds of this matter and the reasons for the progressivity are the activities of the grounds of guilds in this Era, and their position in the structure of urban life are objectives of this research