تحليل تحولات كالبدي خانه هاي گرگان در دوران قاجار

An Analytical Approach to Body Evolutions in Gorgan Houses during Qajar Era

معماري قاجار بخشي مهم از تاريخ معماري ايران است و اين اهميت به واسطه ي شكل گيري جريان برجسته ي تحول و تغيير در فضاي اجتماعي و همچنين در مفهوم كالبد و فضا است. خانه هاي اين دوران را نيز مي توان به لحاظ كمي و كيفي مهمترين دسته از خانه هاي تاريخي ايران به حساب آورد. اين پژوهش به تحليل تحولات كالبدي خانه هاي گرگان در عهد قاجار پرداخته است و در پي آن است كه چيستي اين تحولات را در فن ساختمان و كيفيات معماري پيگيري نموده و تاثيرپذيري احتمالي تحولات معماري اين خانه ها را از تحولات بيروني نمايان ساخته است. روش تحقيق تفسيري-تاريخي بوده و به شواهد و مستنداتي از بناها و خارج از آنها استناد شده است. يافته هاي اين تحقيق نشان مي دهد كه تحولات معماري اين خانه ها عمدتا در گرايش به برونگرايي و افزايش ارتباط با محيط رخ داده است و اين تحولات با سبك زندگي، فضاي اجتماعي و همچنين سلايق روزگار پيوستگي داشته است.

Qajar dynasty is one of the Iranian royal families. A number of seven Qajar kings ruled Iran for 13 decades from 1796 to 1925. In this era, Iran witnessed new evolutions and changes. Qajar architecture constitutes an important part of Iran’s history of architecture. The importance arises from the fact that while evolution in the body of buildings was occring slowly in the course of history, it accelerated during the Qajar era that lasted for one hundred thirty years so that outstanding qualitative and quantitative evolutions are clearly distinguishable in Qajar houses. Changes in Iranian taste due to the introduction of modernity into Iranian society and admixture of European culture to Iranian-Islamic culture may account for these evolutions. As to the architecture and urbanization, the general charactrisitcs of this era may include abundant construction of new buildings and urban spaces, structural changes in old-style cities, evolution in some properties of old buildings, admixture of Eurpean architecture to Iranian styles, increased construction speed and consequent quality suffer as well as variation or deterioration of customers’ tastes. Though this era is typically charactrized by governmental attempts to make urban space changes, build public and governmental places and construct new, unprecedented buildings, a great spectrum of structural and body evolutions are also observable in the architecture of houses that were ordered to architects by lay people. As one of the prominent cities in Qajar era, Gorgan hosted the origin of Qajar family. A glance at Gorgan in Qajar era shows that the development of the city was not only dependent on its natural environment and position along the Silk Road but also on the political orientation of Qajar kings and their foreign policy toward Russia. In fact, the city and its rulers may be said to have played a significant role in regulating political and economic relations with their powerful northern neighbor. In this era, great attempts were made to construct governmental buildings and to maintain the existing ones. The majority of current historic buildings in Gorgan was built and underwent body evolutions in Qajar era. The present study aims to investigate the body evolutions of Gorgan houses in Qajar era and to seek the causes of these evolutions. The study also purports to address both the architecture of the buildings and historical-social transformations to account for these body evolutions. The study adopts a historical-interpretative method addressing the evidence from both inside and outside the building. The results showed that body evolutions in Gorgan historical houses were more prominent in terms of the quality of construction in the context, extrovert orientation and hierarchical mobility from outside into inside the buildings while the evolutions were not significant in construction techniques, materials and relation to the nature. The results also revealed that the architecture of Qajar houses in various stages of the era were associated with people’s lifestyle, social milieu, economic factors, technology, beliefs and tastes of the time. Each one of these factors influenced the creation of houses consistent with form, scale and proportions.