بررسي و تحليل نوعي حذف در زبان شاهنامه

A Kind of Ellipsis in Shahnameh

زبان شاهنامه، زباني شگفتانگيز، خاص و در عين حال ساده و نزديك و همجوش با ذهن مخاطب توصيف شده است. راز و رمز اين تقرّب، البته پيچيده است و بسادگي نمي‌توان از همه جوانب آن پرده برداشت. كار درست و شايسته‌، در حوزه زبان شاهنامه، بررسي همه ابعاد و زير و بم آن از جهات گوناگون است، كاري كه شگرف است و تنها در سايه تحقيق دقيق و همراه با تجربه‌ها و دانش‌هاي گوناگون، ممكن و ميسّر است. هدف نگارنده از ارايه اين مقاله، پرداختن به مقولهاي بسيار جزيي و در عين حال با اهمّيّت در زبان شاهنامه است. معرفي و تحليل نوعي حذف در زبان شاهنامه چيزي است كه به گمان ما، دانستنش بر هر شاهنامهخوان و شاهنامهپژوهي، بايسته است. دستاورد شناخت اين مقوله از حذف، مي‌تواند دست كم در چهار موضوع نسخهشناسي، معناشناسي، آشنايي با شيوهاي از بلاغت و نحو زبان شاهنامه، مورد استفاده قرار گيرد؛ با اين حال هرگاه ما از كم و كيف اين تحقيق آگاه گرديم؛ با اين كه اين ويژگي به زبان فردوسي منحصر نبوده است؛ پي خواهيم برد كه چگونه شاعر، در سراسر شاهنامه، با كاربرد آن به عنوان يكي از تكنيك‌هاي زباني، زمينه وحدت زيبايي و معنايي را براي متن خويش فراهم آورده است. كثرت نمونههايي كه در اينجا ارايه ميگردد، از گرايش فردوسي به بيان گفتار، از طريق همين شيوه زباني خبر ميدهد. اين مقوله حذف كه عجالتاً به «حذفي غريب» نامگذاري ميشود؛ پيش از اين در هيچ گفتاري نقل نگرديده و اين مقاله براي نخستين بار بدان ميپردازد.

Some consider ellipsis as a Phenomenon to avoid redundant words, but poets look at it not only as a valuable point which is avoidance of redundant words, but also sometimes as a linguistic technique.Perhaps the main and initial goal of ellipsis had been the least effort principle according to linguistics. However, in 10th to 13th century AD, there had been a kind of ellipsis in Persian that involved a specific structure and poets have looked at it as a literal and linguistic technique. Writers and linguists have rather indicated different kinds of ellipsis. The ellipsis which is mentioned in this study is not addressed in any grammatical and linguistic topic. Although, this grammatical and linguistic feature is not attributed exclusively to Shahnameh; but its frequency of occurrence in Shahnameh are more than other texts. A reader who is not aware of such an ellipsis may not communicate with text naturally. There are two advantages in knowing such an ellipsis: First, the reader can communicate with text easily. Second, being acquainted with this structure, the editor of the text can have a better realization of a fake version. Background of ellipsis provided in this study The kind of ellipsis provided in the present study is not mentioned in our old grammatical research. This specific grammatical structure is not derived from the necessity of rhythm and rhyme that some researchers mentioned in poetry. The ellipses, consider in this article, are those that can be found in conditional. We have called this ellipsis "odd ellipsis" in this article. According to accomplishments of this study. This kind of ellipsis includes a clear and known farm a work for poets and writers of previous periods. It can be said that the structure of this kind of ellipsis is plotted in compound or conditional sentences. The first conditional sentence +[components of first condition which is omitted]+ second condition whose content is omitted; but linking words are present + the components of second condition: this formulae can be applied on these two verses from Shahnameh: كنون گر بيايي دل از كينه پاك و گرنه شد اين پادشاهي و تخت سر دشمنان اندر آري به خاك ز بن بركنند اين كياني‌درخت In these two verses, we face a noteworthy sentence. The first sentence is conditional. Simple meaning of the verses is "If you come without bearing any grudge and kill the enemies", the sentence in quotation is the first part conditional sentence. This sentence needs an answer for the condition but it’s not followed by the answer; on the other hand another condition has raised and this condition contains its own answer: "If you donʹt come, you will miss the kingdom. The main question of the present study is that how the answer of the first condition can be figured out? Our answer is: within the first condition. Now, we revise the formulae as: first condition: If you come without bearing any grudge and defeat the enemies +[The answer to this condition is omitted]+ Second condition: If not, you donʹt want to do that + the answer of second condition: [enemies] to ruin this kingdom completely. In these formulae the answer of first condition is omitted. According to this report, the answer to the condition should be inferred from the answer of second condition. The answer to the 2nd condition is "To ruin the kingdom completely"; so the answer of the first condition is "The kingdom will not brained completely."