كليدواژه :
رم , ملات آهكي , سنگ رسوبي , موزاييك , بيشاپور , ساساني
چكيده فارسي :
هنر موزاييك كاري به عنوان يك عنصر تزييني در بنا، از قدمتي چندين هزار ساله برخوردار بوده و در تمدن هاي مصر، بين-النهرين، يونان، روم و بيزانس بطور گسترده مورد استفاده قرار گرفته است. اما اين هنر در ايران باستان با اقبال چنداني مواجه نبوده و تنها در سطحي اندك در دوره ساساني و در حياط موزاييك كاخ بيشاپور، اجرا گرديده است. پژوهش پيش رو، با استفاده از روشهاي علمي– آزمايشگاهي به بررسي و شناخت مواد، مصالح و تكينك هاي به كار رفته در ساخت اين هنر پرداخته و مقايسه اي دارد بين مواد و مصالح و تكنيك هاي ساخت موزاييك كاري كاخ هاي ساساني و هنر موزاييك كاري روم باستان. نتايج حاصل از مطالعات علمي- آزمايشگاهي اين پژوهش، ضمن مشخص نمودن مواد و مصالح موزاييك هاي ساساني، وجه تشابه اين مواد با مواد و مصالح تزيينات موزاييك كاري تمدن روم را نيز مورد بررسي قرار مي دهد و تاثيرات متقابل آنها بر يكديگر را ارزيابي و با توجه به ويژگي هاي هنري و فني موزاييك هاي بيشاپور، سعي در شناسايي هويت ملي سازندگان آنها مي نمايد. بر بستر مطالعات فني انجام شده در اين پژوهش، امكان بازآفريني و ساخت تزيين موزاييك كاري با تكنيك دوره ساساني مهيا گرديد. روش تحقيق اين پژوهش بر بستر انجام مطالعات تيوريك، مطالعات آزمايشگاهي و تجزيه و تحليل داده ها در هر بخش از مطالعه استوار است.
چكيده لاتين :
The mosaic art as a decorative element in buildings enjoys several thousand years of age in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome and Byzantium and is widely used but technically speaking, the earliest mosaic forms have poorly made. They were made by insertion of fruit cores or broken pottery pieces in the wet mud mortar of walls. Later, the art evolved rapidly and extensively used for architectural decoration, especially in the Greek and Roman civilizations. Mosaic Art, reached its zenith in Byzantine period. In the ancient Iranian architecture, mosaic art has been rarely used in buildings, and the only discovered one is in the Bishap?r Palace dating back to the Sasanian Empire. In 1935, Professor Ghirshman discovered a piece of decorative mosaic on the floor of Bishap?r Palace. They was made of small pieces of colored stones. The mosaics images include portraits of Sasanian princes or dancing and or musician women. This research is a laboratory study for identification of materials and technique that was employed in making of Bishap?r mosaics. It also compared the techniques and materials of Bishap?r mosaic with the Roman mosaic art. Laboratory results obtained from this study and at the same time, the identified materials and technique of the Sasanian mosaics were compared with the similar Roman ones. At the beginning, the site where the mosaics were unearthed in Bishap?r was studied. And at site, we sampled from the remaining pieces of stone mosaics as well as mortar of the mosaics. Samples were studied and tested through petrography and SEM analysis. The result of petrography and SEM analysis showed that the mortar used in mosaics of Bishap?r, is lime mortar. Lime mortar was used in making mosaics because they were laid down in the yard and open space. The very same mortar has been used for outdoor spaces (including bathroom and yard) in mosaic works in Greece and Rome. However, Iranian architects were highly skilled in making lime mortars it was widely used in construction of bridges. In addition, these tastes revealed that the stones used for Bishap?r mosaic are limestone. Consequently, the study findings proved that materials used in Bishap?r mosaics are similar to the Roman mosaics. it is noteworthy that the designs of Bishap?r mosaics are completely rooted in the Iranian painting design. Hence, perhaps mosaics were made in Bishap?r through Roman techniques by the Iranian artisans. As we can see similar depictions on Sasanian silver mares (including Raytheon and dishes) There exists another theory that the mosaic makers were Roman as such mosaics were disappeared in later periods due to return to their homeland These tasting also showed that the type of mosaic stones is limestone. The study results showed that material used in Bishapour mosaic is the similar to the Rome mosaic. But the designs of Bishapur mosaics are completely Iranian painting design, Because Most of them, special women pictures, are same the picture of silver object from Sassanid period that some of that show in this article. finally, With result of this studies, is the possibility to Reconstruction of mosaic with technique of Sassanid.
