بررسي نقش دولت در پيدايش و توسعه كالبدي_ فضايي بندر بوشهر

Studying the role of state in the emergence and physical-spatial development of Boushehr

مقاله حاضر به بررسي پيدايش و روند تحولات كالبدي_ فضايي شهر بوشهر در دوران مختلف تاريخي و كاربردپذيري نظريه دولت و شهرنشيني به عنوان يكي از مهم‌ترين نظريات جديد در ادبيات شهر و شهرنشيني با آن تحولات مي‌پردازد. بر-اساس اين نظريه، دولت با تجاري ‌‌كردن پول و سرمايه در شهرها، از طريق نظام بانكي گسترده‌اي كه در اختيار دارد، به توسعه شهر و شهرنشيني كمك كرده است. اين نفوذ گسترده و بي‌بديل دولت، بيش از همه از شيوه دستيابي به منابع درآمدي آن( يعني صدور نفت خام) سرچشمه مي‌گيرد كه مازاد ملي حاصل از آن سهم مهمي در انباشت سرمايه و بازتوليد گسترش‌يابنده در فرايند اقتصادي كشور دارد. در اين بين مسلماً شهرهايي در كشور وجود دارند كه تاكنون از اين زاويه مورد مطالعه قرار نگرفته‌اند؛ شهر بوشهر از آن‌ جمله است. اين شهر كه پيدايش آن به عنوان يك شهر نوبنياد به زمان نادرشاه افشار و به دستور وي بر مي‌گردد، بنابه شرايط جغرافيايي خاص منطقه از پسكرانه روستايي و كشاورزي تاثيرگذار بر امر رشد و توسعه شهري برخوردار نبوده و مهم‌ترين عامل تاثيرگذار در رشد و تحولات اين شهر، موقعيت مرزي (ساحلي) و رونق بخش تجارت آن مي باشد. در مجموع، يافته‌هاي پژوهش نشان مي‌دهد كه مهم‌ترين عامل تاثيرگذار در پيدايش و توسعه كالبدي _ فضايي شهر بوشهر، اقدامات و تصميمات دولت‌هاي حاكم بوده است؛ در نتيجه نظريه دولت و شهرنشيني با وضعيت شهر بوشهر انطباق مي‌يابد.

Studying the role of state in the emergence and physical-spatial development of Boushehr There are two dominant theories about mechanisms of urban development. Theory of Rent capitalism was initiated in 1960 by Hans Bobek and the other one is state and urbanism theory which was introduced by the Mohammad Taghi Rahnamaiee. Bobek believed that city life in Iran is dependent on the capital accumulation which gains from commercialization of agricultural surplus production (Rahnamaiee, 1388,p.143.). but According to state and urbanism theory, state helps developing the city and urbanity through its widespread banking system. The massive and unprecedented intrusion of state mostly comes from the common way to achieve its revenue sources, namely crude oil whose national surplus has an important share in accumulation and reproduction of capital in economic process. In the course of these studies, some cities in the country have not been studied so far, including Bushehr. The cityʹs emergence as a nascent city dates back to the time of Nadir Shah and his command. Under certain geographical conditions, this rural and agricultural of urban area did not have an impact on urban growth and development. The most important factor in the development of the city can be its coastal location and thriving business sector. Findings show that foundation of Boushehr originally resulted from governmental decisions and Nader Shah Afshar founded it due to its marine position as the base for marine operation and domination over Persian Gulf. At the time of Karim Khan Zand, this city received a lot of attention. Karim Khan was interested in foreign commercial development and Boushehr changed into the main place of commercial activities in Persian Gulf. At the time of Ghajarie, Boushehr enjoys economic revivification and a lot of civil developments takes place in this city. This city changed into a big commercial center and main businessmen worked there. At the end of Ghajarie, Boushehr was the first commercial port of the country. One of the main effects of Constitution Movement in this city was foundation of municipality which considered general constructions. However its effect was not significant. Policies of the first Pahlavi caused the other ports overtake this city. Consequently, this city lost its role as the main port of the country. At the time of second Pahlavi, investment on urbanization received a lot of attention and this city enjoyed economic and financial improvements which increased immigration, instead. At this time, government inherited most of the urban lands and became one of the main landlords of the time. By beginning of Islamic Revolution, the role of government became more serious and urban areas were transferred by the government. Most part of the empty areas was changed into infrastructures. Consequently, city faced sprawl development. Another main policy of the government has been development of Alishahr new city for overpopulation of Boushehr. Generally it can be said that Boushehr has been under the influence of government since emergence and development. So it is among the cities which can be studied based on state and urbanism theory.