جستاري در راستاي تعيين معيارهاي طراحي بدنه شهري با توجه به فرهنگ قوم تركمن

A Query in Determining the Urban Design Criteria in Order to the Culture of the Turkmen People

مطالعه و بررسي فرهنگ اقوام مختلف مي تواند به طراحان شهري در جهت طراحي و ارايه فضاهاي شهري باهويت، مناسب و مطلوب در ديار اقوام مذكور ياري رساند. توجه به بناهاي قديمي و ريتم و سبك و معماري ابنيه مذكور، همچنين بررسي موسيقي، رقص، پوشاك و رنگ در يك فرهنگ و استخراج عوامل مشترك مشابه در فرهنگ مذكور، نتايجي را در برخواهد داشت كه با جمع بندي و هم پوشاني با يكديگر اصول معيني را جهت طراحي يك بدنه يا فضاي شهري در يك فرهنگ ارايه مي دهد. در اين مقاله سعي شده است كه با مطالعه و بررسي فرهنگ تركمن به طوركلي و موسيقي، پوشاك، رقص و معماري اين فرهنگ به طور اخص، يك رشته عوامل مشترك استخراج و در جهت طراحي يك بدنه شهري در اين فرهنگ خاص مورد استفاده قرار گيرد. اين سوال مطرح مي باشد كه آيا مي توان با توجه به فرهنگ موجود اقوام گوناگون و به خصوص قوم تركمن، معيارهايي را براي طراحي جداره هاي شهري با هويت مربوطه تعيين كرد. در نهايت سعي گرديده تا با استفاده از عوامل فرهنگي قوم تركمن و تحليل و ارزيابي آن ها به دسته اي از عوامل و معيارهاي مشتركي همچون مركزگرايي، ريتم، تقارن، وحدت، پويايي و... دست يافته و با توجه به معيارهاي ارايه شده، نمونه اي از جداره شهري براي قوم مذكور طراحي شود. در نتيجه به نظر مي آيد، بتوان با دخالت عوامل تاريخي، فرهنگي، اقليمي هر قومي به طراحي شهري با هويت براي قوم مورد نظر دست يافت.

Nowadays we observe that regional and cultural characteristics of the environment are ignored in urban and city designs which increasingly lead to decline the quality of the environment identity. Considering that issue, the attention to the cultural and environmental factors of the region on one hand and their evaluation on the other hand can have valuable results concerning to standard designs in city facade, center of the neighborhoods, prominent constructions and etc. So we have tried to present an example of an urban design based on Torkaman identity and culture. Paying attention to the old buildings and their rhythm, style, and architecture aligned with the study of music, dance, clothing and colors in the similar culture in order to extract common factors of culture, helps us to come to a conclusion that there are certain cultural principles with overlapping with each other for designing an urban facade or urban space. The Torkaman region is situated in the far eastern part of Mazendaran and some northern part of Khorasan. It is bound by country of Torkamansatan to the north, Bojnord to the east, Caspian Sea to the west and Alborz mountains to the south. Some important cultural factors which are evaluated in this paper are as follows: traditional architecture, music, dancing with dragger, clothing, carpet–weaving and jewelries. For example considering Torkman womens jewelries, we can find out the what their key framework and shapes are: square, quadratic, triangular and polygons or a combination of those shapes. The easiest and inseparable element concerns one’s visual relation in this matter is jewelry, in other word one can say Torkaman’s beauties decreases or fade away without these elements. The main characteristic of Torkaman jewelries are opal and crystal with colored stones. Majority of these precious stones are made from oval or diamond used on the surface of these symmetric jewelries. Usually there is a bigger stone at the center of these jewelries. As we know the converged diagonals center of a figure has the most attractive visual force, so when the eyes move around opal points, finally are focused at the center. Also, In polychrome, the Torkamans pay more attention to red, green ,yellow and blue ones and sometimes they use the darker ones but the background of the most Torkaman carpets are usually red. Since most of the characteristics and standards presented in Torkaman culture can also be used in city layer with urban identity, considering the forms of Torkaman clothing designs, jewelries, carpets and the harmonic rhythm in their motions, music and special architectures in their traditional trellis is important. The summarization of all these important characteristics and standards in each of those factors for city designs will be presented as follows: - Use of repetition and rhythm in Torkaman clothing designs, music in frame or Pause points of facade designs. - Use of center-oriented jewelries and harmonic Torkaman dagger dancing in the presented fix body centers. - Use of symmetric designs in carpet and clothing in the presented frame. - Use of red color as the main background color for carpets in the offered view with use of supplemented colors used in Torkman culture in green colors of trees in the facades . - Use of diamond designs as the main form used in Torkaman carpet design in the presented body. -Use of Torkman trellis design in fix points in the presented frame. What is more considerable in the presented frame is the unity and harmonic center – oriented Torkman art observed in: jewelries, dance, and the standard of indoors rhythm and motion, windows and facades designs which are tangible and more important. The factor of color in all Torkaman arts has almost made red and green colors one of the main and key colors in Torkamn carpet. Keywords: Culture, Turkmen Ethnic, Criterion, City Facade, Identity.