چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Second Pahlavi’s era due to the introduction to the Islamic Revolution of Iran had a unique role in contemporary history of Iran. According to the studies on the era, we can say that formation of the Islamic Revolution had a close interrelationship with policies, which were adopted in the period. In describing the nature of state at the Pahlavi’s era, different researchers have expressed their views derived from different perspectives. Among them, we can see three different groups: first group sees the state as a dependent capitalism and second group as a rentier state and third group, at last, as an absolutist state or despotism. Despite of differences between the groups they all agree that the nature of state at the Pahlavi’s era was essentially different from previous periods which government was under the dominance of tribal system. First Pahlavi with proceedings such as formation of national boundaries, promotion of nationalism, reviving of ancient traditions, debilitation of pre-modern classes, the use of new ways of taxing, unification of clothing and education and creation of modern army and bureaucracy, fulfilled his absolutist power by using naked force (Kasraai, 2013). However, the process continued during the second Pahlavi era, which is the focus of this article, but this time the 1953 /1332 Iranian coup, 28 Mordad coup, was an critical turning point. Occurrence of the coup was an important indicator showed that the king’s attitude toward the governance had changed. Since the Mohammad Reza Shah’s political positions had a significant effect on the social and political transformations of the period, we attempted to study the king’s attitude toward governance, influential social classes, and movements in the period following the 1953 /1332Coup.
Materials & Methods
In this research, we studied the Mohammad Reza Shah’s attitude toward governance, influential social classes and movements in the period following the 1953 /1332Coup by content analysis of his speeches, messages and interviews during two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963/1342). In the content analysis, the recording unit was subject, which defined as a single expression about things, and the context unit was paragraph. Besides, we adopted indicators that in the Iranian Despotism Theory brought up for dictatorship and arbitrary rule concepts and then tried to answer two main questions:
1. Was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, influential social classes and movements during the period before White Revolution (1342/1963) dictatorship?
2. Was the attitude of Mohammad Reza Shah toward governance, influential social classes and movements during the period after White Revolution (1342/1963) arbitrary? In addition, statistical population, analyzed texts, included all speeches, interviews and messages of the king in the period after the 1953 /1332Coup, which gained from a ten-volume book named “ Writings, Speeches, Messages, Interviews And Expressions Of Iran’s King; Mohammad Reza Shah-E Pahlavi” published by Keyhanak Publication Company. The texts selected by the use of Purposive Method and screening them.
Discussion of Results & Conclusions
According to the article, in the post period of the 1953 coup, with The White Revolution, a noticeable turning happened in the Shah’s attitude toward governance, influential social classes and groups, religion, constitution, the West and global order. Given the findings, the post coup era should be divided into two main periods: before and after the White Revolution (1963/1342). Thus, this event was a turning point in his attitude from a dictator king to the arbitrary one. The findings also notify the transformation in the attitude of Shah depended on three elements 1- existence or nonexistence of independent and influential individuals or groups in the political sphere, 2- condition of oil incomes and 3- the U.S protection policies of the Shah. However, none of the periods was smooth and flat but based on the elements the first period should be divided into four sub periods including:
1. From the 1953 coup (28th Mordad, 1332) to the General Zahedi dismissal in April 7th, 1955 (17th Farvardin, 1334).
2. From April 8th, 1955(18th Farvardin, 1334) to the March 19th, 1960 (the end of 1338).
3. From March 21st, 1960 (the beginning of 1339) to the Doctor Ali Amini’s resignation on July 18th, 1962(27th Tir, 1341).
4. From July 19th, 1962 (28th Tir, 1341) to the January 26th, 1963(6th Bahman, 1341);
In addition, the second period should be contained two followings:
1. After January 26th,1963 (6th Bahman, 1341) to the March 20th,1973 (the end of 1351)
2. From the March 21st, 1973(the beginning of 1352) to the March 19th, 1977(the end of 1355).
In nutshell, all findings support the ideas of the Iranian Despotism Theory of Homa Katouzian, which shares some features with three approaches on the nature of state in Iran that mentioned above, as its emphasis on dependent development, rentier nature of modern Iran’s state and its historical despotism.
