گوناگوني آرا درباره ابليس در ميان مفسران و عرفاي اسلامي

Variety of Ideas on Satan among Islamic Mystics and Interpreters

شيطان (متمرد و گمراه كننده انسان) در اديان ابراهيمي از موضوعات مهم و بحث‌انگيز در ميان فلاسفه، متكلمان و عرفا است. در ميان مفسران در مورد ابليس و شيطان سه ديدگاه مطرح است: الف) از جن بوده است؛ ب) از فرشتگان بود و سپس از جنيان شد؛ ج) از فرشتگان بود. طرفداران هر كدام از ديدگاه‌ها براي اثبات نظر خود به آيات و روايات زيادي متوسل شده‌اند؛ اما در نظري دقيق، ابليس از جن بود و به دليل عبادت فراوان در جايگاه ملايكه قرار داشت. در نظر عرفا نيز ديدگاه‌هاي گوناگوني وجود دارد. بيشتر عرفا ابليس را مظهر بدي و اغوا كننده انسان دانسته‌اند؛ اما برخي مثل حلاج، عين القضات همداني، احمد غزالي و... به دفاع از ابليس پرداخته‌اند و او را عاشق خالص خدا و موحد حقيقي دانسته‌اند. در ديدگاه مكتب وحدت وجودي، ابليس، شياطين و بدان مظهر صفات جلالي خداونداند و از اراده خدا خارج نيستند. اين مقاله به صورت توصيفي و تحليلي تدوين يافته است.

As a stubborn entity misleading human being in Abraham related religions, Satan is a significant and questionable subject matter among philosophers, theologians, and mystics. The interpreters have three view points towards Satan. First, it is a genie. Second, it was an angel at first but became a genie. And third, it was an angel. The followers of every one of these standpoints have resorted to a lot of verses and traditions but a closer look reveals that Satan was a genie at first and because of a lot of worshipping had a position among the angels. From mystics point of view there are various standpoints available. Most mystics assume Satan as a symbol of wickedness and a source of seducing human being. However, some of them including Hallaj, Eynolghozat-e- Hamedani, Ahmad Ghazali, etc. defend Satan and believe it as a pure lover of God and a real theist. Hallaj believed that Satan is even more theist than God Himself and proudly wears the clothes of damnation. Despite the defense made against Satan, mystics find fault with its disobedience, pride, spiritual blind, and inability to see behind the surface meaning. In the school of pantheism, Satan and demons and wicked ones are manifestation of the glory characters of the Almighty that are not detached from the will of God. In the end, it is concluded that the purpose of deniers and supporters and worshipers of Satan all refer to monotheistic standpoint of Islam. This paper is prepared in a descriptive and analytical method. Key words: Satan; demon; pantheism; mystics; interpreters. ?