تاثير اعتقاد به توحيد افعالي بر پذيرش جبر يا اختيار از نظر غزالي و ابن‌عربي

The Impact of Unity of Actions on Acceptance of Determinism or Free-Will in Viewpoints of Ghazzali and Ibn Arabi

هر يك از نظريات جبر و اختيار طرفداران خود را دارد. در اين مقاله بر آن هستيم كه موضع دو تن از مدافعان نامدار توحيد افعالي را دربرابر اين موضوع بررسي كنيم. بي‌ترديد كسي كه خدا را فاعل مطلق نظام هستي مي‌داند و معتقد به لا مُوثّرَ في الوجود الا الله است، درباره اختيار انسان با فردي كه انسان را فاعلي مستقل و هم‌عرض خدا مي‌پندارد، نظر مشابهي ندارد. غزالي به نفي نظريه جبر و تفويض پرداخته و معتقد به راه سومي به نام كسب است كه توسط اشاعره مطرح مي‌شود. ابن‌عربي نظريه كسب را تاييد مي‌كند، اما آن را راه حل نهايي بحث جبر و اختيار نمي‌داند. وي با جمع ميان جباريت حق و تجلي اختيار خدا در انسان از بند جبر و تفويض مي‌رهد و در‌عين‌حال حريم توحيد افعالي را نيز حفظ مي‌كند.

The main objective of the present paper is to study the viewpoints of two renowned advocates of Unity of Action. Without any doubt, one who maintains that God is the absolute actor of the world of being and believes that ‘there is no effective being in the existence except Allah’ would not subscribe to the viewpoint of a person who considers man as an independent actor parallel to God and hence would have a different viewpoint regarding man’s free-will as well. Gazzali refuses the notion of determinism and free-will and advocates a third notion, i.e. acquisition, which is also advocated by the Ash’arites. Ibn Arabi confirms the notion of acquisition, but does not consider it as the final solution to the problem of extremism and free-will. He believes in combination of determinism of Creator and manifestation of free-will of God in man to rid of the problem of determinism and free-will but at the same time preserves the perimeter of unity of action.