بطلان شرط ضمان در قرارداد مضاربه بانكي در بانكداري اسلامي

Nullity of Liability Condition in Limited Partnership Contract in Islamic Banking

يكي از عقود بانكي كه هم در ناحيه تخصيص و هم تجهيز منابع بسيار مورد توجه قرار گرفته است، عقد مضاربه مي باشد و از آنجا كه عاملامين بوده و ادعايا و مبني بر نابودي سرمايه بدون افراط و تفريط، پذيرفته شده و در سود و زيان شريك عامل است، در نتيجه اين عقد از نظر اقتصادي در عمليات بانكي توجيه اقتصادي نخواهد داشت.به همين دليل محققين اسلامي براي حل اين معضل كه هم بتوانند عقد مضاربه را در عقود بانكي در بانكداري اسلامي حفظ كرده و هم عامل را ضامن به حفظ سرمايه نمايند، راهكارهايي همچون شرط ضمان در ضمن عقد لازم خارجي را پيشنهاد كرده‌اند. حال آنكه براي صحت شرط ضمان بايد به دو جنبه توجه داشت. ابتدا عدم مخالفت با مقتضاي عقد ضمان و ديگري عدم مخالفت با روايات و كتاب. هر چند كه برخي براي بطلان شرط ضمان، مخالفت آن را با مقتضاي عقد بحث مي‌نمايد ليكن ما در اين مقاله در پي آن هستيم تا با بررسي آرا فقها و برخي از حقوق‌دانان و روايات واصله، نظريه مخالفت با مقتضاي عقد را مورد نقد قرار داده و نظريه جديد مخالفت شرط ضمان با كتاب را در عقد مضاربه مطرح نماييم.

One of the bank contracts which is significant in both allocation and equipping of sources is limited partnership contract. The agent in this contract is considered as trustee and his claim on termination of stock without being excess or negligent is accepted. He would be agent‘s associate in both benefits and losses. Therefore this contract won’t have an economic justification in banking operations, so in order to keep limited partnership contract in banking contracts and also put the liability of stock on the agent, the Islamic researchers have suggested some solutions like condition of liability to be brought as an implicit alternative contract. However, two aspects are to be considered for validity of condition of liability; first, it should not be against the exigency of the contract of liability and second it should not be opposing with Quran and narrations. Although some are arguing about the nullity of condition of liability if it is against the exigency of contract, we will try to review and discuss about that theory based on narrations and approaches of lawyers and Islamic scholars and finally we would suggest a new theory which is called “disaccord of condition of liability with Quran in limited partnership contract”.