تحليل حقوقي اندراج شرط در ضمن ايقاع و آثار آن

Legal Analysis of Inclusion of Stipulations within Unilateral Contracts

از مسايلي كه در ايقاعات بما هي ايقاعات شايان بررسي است امكان يا عدم امكان اندراج شرط در ضمن ايقاعات است. اين موضوع پيچيده نه تنها در قانون مدني ايران مسكوت مانده، بلكه از نظر فقهي نيز محل مناقشه است. ايقاعي كه شرطي ضمن آن شده است ايقاع مشروط يا ايقاع مقرون به شرط ناميده مي‌شود كه نبايد آن را با ايقاع معلّق اشتباه گرفت. جستار حاضر ضمن تبيين مفهوم شرط، به بررسي امكان يا عدم امكان اندراج شرط در ضمن ايقاع و آثار آن پرداخته است و پس از رد دلايل مخالفان ايقاع مشروط، اين نتيجه را به دست مي‌دهد كه بر خلاف نظر برخي فقيهان، شرط ضمن ايقاع امري است ممكن كه با طبيعت ايقاع و نفوذ آن هيچ منافاتي ندارد. شرط ضمن ايقاع با توجه به «اصل آزادي شروط» مشمول عموم ادلّه شرط قرار مي‌گيرد و نمي‌توان گفت كه ايقاعات امور بسيطي‌اند كه ضمنيت در آن‌ها متصوّر نيست.

One of issues which is worthy to study in unilateral contracts as they are unilateral is possibility or impossibility of inclusion of conditions within unilateral contracts. Not only is the civil code of Iran silent about this subject but also is it being debated from the Islamic jurisprudential view. A unilateral contract which has been included a condition is called a conditional unilateral contract or a unilateral contract is coupled with a condition which should not be mistaken with suspended (executory) unilateral contracts. Meanwhile the present note determines the concept of conditions it has explored the possibility or impossibility of inclusion of conditions within unilateral contracts. After revoking the opponents’ evidences of conditional unilateral contracts, it is revealed that contrary to some Islamic jurists (fuqaha), conditions within unilateral contracts are possible and has no disagreement with the nature of unilateral contracts and their effects. The conditions within unilateral contracts with regard to the principle of free choosing of conditions are included within the generality of the evidences of conditions and cannot be said that unilateral contracts are simple matters which cannot be imagined the inclusion of conditions within them. Key words: Conditions (Terms) at the time of unilateral contracts, Conditions in unilateral contract (Conditional unilateral contract), Conditions are considered in favor of someone (One of the contractor), Conditions should be fulfilled by someone (One of the contractor), Option for violating a condition, Cancellation.