ملاصدرا و دو قاعده «فرعيت» و «ثبوت ثابت»

Mulla Sadra and Two Principles of Presupposition and Affirmation of the Subsistent

بررسي قواعد حاكم بر نظامهاي فلسفي پرتوي جديد از آرا حكما را نمودار ميسازد. در اين نوشتار، ضمن تبيين قاعده «ثبوت شييي براي شي ديگر، فرع ثبوت ثابت است» كه به «قاعده ثبوت» مشهور است،‌ ‌پيامدهاي اين قاعده و تلازم آن با «قاعده» فرعيت» مورد بررسي قرار ميگيرد. ازآنجاكه برخي از صاحبنظران جمع اين قاعده و قاعده فرعيت را جايز نميدانند، با بررسي دو قاعده، زواياي اين تعامل نيز مورد تحليل قرار ميگيرد. بنابر تقريري، ميان ايندو قاعده تلازم برقرار است و بنا بر تقريري ديگر، رابطه تقابل كه چيستي و هستي هر يك منوط به ديگري است. در تفسير قاعده فرعيت نيز دو نگرش وجود دارد كه تا حدي ريشه در پذيرش يا عدم پذيرش قاعده ثبوت ثابت دارند. برخي حكماي اسلامي بر اين باورند كه پذيرش قاعده ثبوت ثابت و وجود رابط‌‌‌‌‌‌طرفيني كه از ابتكارات ملاصدرا است، به نزاع ديرين حكما پيرامون نحوه تحقق معقولات ثاني پايان داده و ميان دو نحله افلاطونيان و مشاييان جمع نموده است.

A study of the principles dominating philosophical systems reveal some new aspects of philosophers’ ideas. In this paper, by examining the principle of “the affirmation of an object for another object is presupposed for the affirmation of the subsistent”, which is known as the principle of affirmation, its consequences and its necessary interrelation with the principle of presupposition are explored. Since some authorities do not agree with the union of these two principles, while studying them, the various dimensions of their interaction are also analyzed. Some thinkers believe that they are concomitant with each other, while some others maintain that there is contrariety between them wherein the whatness and existence of each principle depends on those of the other. There are also two interpretations of the principle of presupposition which are, to some extent, rooted in accepting or rejecting the principle of the affirmation of the subsistent. Some Islamic philosophers also believe that accepting the principles of the affirmation of the subsistent and mutual copulative existence between them is one of Mulla Sadra’s innovations. They maintain that, in this way, he has put an end to the old argument of philosophers concerning the quality of the realization of secondary intelligibles and created a union between Platonists and the Peripatetics.