روشي براي تحليل خصيصه‌هاي باهمستاني در نظام محلات شهري نمونه موردي؛ محله نازي آباد تهران

A Method for Analyzing the Community Characteristics of in the Structure of Urban Neighborhood; Case Study: Nazi Abad, Tehran

«باهمستان» در محلات شهري عاملي مهم در ايجاد حس اعتماد، منزلت، تعلق و مشاركت ساكنان به شمار مي‌رود كه امروزه در حوزه ادبيات شهر‌شناسي به آن توجهي ويژه مي‌گردد. اين مفهوم و خصيصه‌هاي آن تاكنون به‌روشني در حوزه ادبيات شهر‌شناسي كشور مورد بررسي قرار نگرفته است. تحليل و بررسي مفهوم مورد نظر به‌واسطه موضوعيت، نياز به روش‌شناسي به‌خصوصي دارد. هدف اين نوشتار، گذر از تعاريف كلي مفهوم باهمستان و درك خصيصه‌هاي اصلي و ارايه روشي ساختارمند جهت تحليل آن در نظام محلات شهري است. جهت اين امر، محله نازي‌آباد تهران مورد مطالعه قرارگرفت. مباني نظري نوشتار برگرفته از نظريات شولتس، رلف و كراس شكل يافت و براي پژوهش، بهره‌گيري از دو رويكرد اول شخص و اگزيستانسيال برگرفته از روش پديدارشناسي انتخاب گرديد. ارزيابي نتايج، حكايت از مكان بودن، مولد معنا بودن، وجود ارزش و سرمايه‌هاي اجتماعي متنوع در ميان خرده‌فرهنگ‌هاي سني و جنسي مختلف و برانگيختن حس تعلق به مكان و اجتماع ساكنان نسبت به محله نازي‌آباد دارد. در مجموع محله نازي‌آباد را مي‌توان يك باهمستان معرفي نمود كه تمامي خصيصه‌هاي باهمستان با اعتبار بالايي در آن صدق مي‌كنند. تحليل خصيصه‌هاي باهمستان مبتني بر روش پيشنهادي در ساير محلات شهري و بررسي تطبيقي آن‌ها از آن روي حايز اهميت است كه مي‌تواند براي مديران و برنامه‌ريزان شهري سنجه‌اي در ميزان دستيابي به محلاتي شهروند‌مدارتر باشد.

In addition to the physical characteristics of urban neighborhoods, they also differ from social and cultural dimensions. These dimensions include residentsʹ characteristics, cultural, social interactions and shared values that define “community” in the neighborhood as a fixed and identified place. The creation of community is a complex and dynamic socio-cultural process. Communities are significant factor in increasing the sense of confidence, dignity, belongingness and participation of residents. It seems that what was understood as ‘community’ was often rooted in this realm of the familiar but mundane and everyday interactions – chatting at the post office or hairdressers and conversations related to the school, the bowling club and suchlike. Community is constructed through this myriad of intangible and fleeting, routine and mundane interactions in various localized settings. Community concept in the last decade has become one of the important topics of urbanism literature in the word. However, in Iran, the concept of community so far has not been considered. The aim of this paper is providing a general definition of community and understanding its main features, as well as introducing an efficient and structured method for analyzing the features of community in an urban neighborhood. For this purpose, extensive library study has been conducted that helps to clarify the characteristic of community. This paper focuses on an urban neighborhood in Tehran: “Nazi Abad” in the southwest of Tehran. The development of this neighborhood began from 1940s (the industrialization period of Tehran). The area was constructed based on an urban development plan in which all public spaces and cultural/educational centers were considered. As mentioned earlier, the concept of community is complex and multidimensional and so it requires a special methodology for study. Methodology of this paper is a descriptive one, based on deductive reasoning using syntactic strategy (qualitative – quantitative) with more focus on qualitative strategy and specially phenomenology. The theoretical section of the paper is based on Schultzʹs ideas about place, Ralphʹs ideas regarding sense of belongingness to place and contemporary literature concerning the social values. The phenomenological approach is an appropriate means of interpretation. In this paper, regarding the relative validity of qualitative methods, it was tried to pay attention to the basic principles of qualitative methodology such as emphasis on natural locations, emphasizing the meaning an interpretation and understanding of the interviewees. Interviews were conducted with eight groups of people (teenagers, the young, middle – age and elderly) both for males and females that included 22 in-depth interviews. The paper first presents a brief overview of the methodology and theoretical framework and then reviews findings covering 22 respondents living in Nazi Abad, which represent their public life in Nazi Abad s public realm. Assessment of results show the existence of place identity, social capital, sense of belongingness, sense of place and belonging to a community in Nazi Abad neighborhood. Studies indicate that Nazi Abad should be introduced as a community because it contains all community features.