پديد آورندگان :
ايراندوست، كيومرث نويسنده استاديار دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي , , عليزاده، هوشمند نويسنده استاديار دانشكده معماري و شهرسازي، , , خسروانيان، ليلا نويسنده دانشجوي كارشناسي ارشد برنامه ريزي شهري , , تولايي، روح الله نويسنده دانشجوي كارشناسي ارشد برنامه ريزي شهري ,
كليدواژه :
كرمانشاه , سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي , سنندج , فقر شهري , گونه‌شناسي سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي
چكيده فارسي :
اسكان غيررسمي پديده‌اي فراگير و به مثابه يكي از چهره‌هاي بارز فقر شهري است كه درون يا مجاور شهرها به شكلي خودرو، فاقد مجوز ساخت شكل مي‌گيرد. در اين پژوهش با رويكردي تحليلي- توصيفي و با استفاده از مطالعات اسنادي و ميداني سعي شده با بررسي گونه‌شناسي تطبيقي سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي دو شهر سنندج و كرمانشاه، الگوي رايج اسكان غيررسمي و انواع سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي بازشناسي شود. بر اساس يافته‌هاي پژوهش، سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي در اين دو شهر را مي‌توان بر اساس معيارهاي اصلي از جمله نحوه شكل‌گيري، روند تشكيل، قدمت شكل‌گيري، موقعيت و مقياس دسته‌بندي نمود. شرايطي همچون بستر طبيعي شهر، روند توسعه تاريخي شهر و جنگ، گونه‌هاي مختلفي از سكونتگاه‌هاي غيررسمي را شكل داده است. شهر كرمانشاه با سابقه تاريخي كهن واقع در پهنه دشتي در يك حوزه حاصلخيز با پسكرانه روستايي غني، داراي دامنه و تنوع بيشتر اسكان غيررسمي بوده و شهر سنندج واقع در يك محيط محدود ميان كوهي و پسكرانه محدود و يكدست‌تر، تنوع و گوناگوني كمتري داشته است. در حالي كه در كرمانشاه روستاي ادغام شده در شهر پديده رايجي است، در هر دو شهر بيشترين الگو تقسيم و بازتقسيم زمين‌هاي كشاورزي و در موارد محدودي مربوط به دوره انقلاب شامل تصرف‌هاي عدواني نيز بوده است.
چكيده لاتين :
Informal settlements are tangible feature of urban poverty in developing countries, and can be recognized as a possible choice for the poor to build/buy a house with minimum cost and time in urban areas. They usually come up illegally either on government lands or private lands in a haphazard manner in and around the city. They are unplanned and violate all norms of government planning. Poor houses with inadequate light, air, toilet and bathing facility, overcrowding and high density of population are some of the features of these informal settlements. They range from high density, squalid central city tenements to spontaneous squatter settlements without legal recognition or rights, sprawling at the edge of cities. Some are more than fifty years old; some are land invasions just underway. Due to the process and conditions of construction, environmental conditions, and other features, they are known by many different names around the world yet share similar miserable living conditions. To perceive such diversity in the informal settlements, a kind of comparative approach has been adopted regarding the typology of informal settlements in two cities of Kermanshah and Sanandaj. Because of economic characteristics, Kermanshah has attracted more migrations due to its location in the west of the country. Due to the fact that migrants to Kermanshah show higher ethnic and cultural diversity, so the variety of informal settlements is more obvious in this city. The results shows that the informal settlements of these cities can be classified based on some main factors, including origin of formation, process of formation, location, size of settlements, and other sub-factors. This classification also revealed that there are different types of informal settlements in these cities regarding the geophysical conditions of the cities, historical process of cities development, and war. Kermanshah, which is a city located in a fertile plain surrounded by strong rural hinterlands and due to more contemporary changes, has contained more different types of informal settlements. On the contrary, Sanandaj that is surrounded by mountains and contained a limited and unified number of rural hinterlands, embraces less diversity in terms of typology of informal settlements. Within these cities, the most common type of informal settlements are associated with the successive division of agricultural land by individuals and speculators and in limited cases after the Revolution, there is a type which can be classified as forcible seizure of land. Due to the geophysical setting, incorporated villages into urban built-up areas are the main informal settlements in Kermanshah. Slum dwelling is a kind of poor neighborhood in Kermanshah that was shaped by government but squatted by migrants of Imposed war with Iraq. Although these public housings were built by public officers, they were never evacuated by war immigrants, and they consequently became slums. Regarding the "despair and hope” theory, it can be said that these settlements are mainly the "slum of hope" in both cities, and only Chaman neighborhood can be somehow regarded as a "slum of despair" in Kermanshah.
