ارزيابي بازشوي همساز با معماري پدافند غيرعامل با بهره‌گيري از روش تحليل سلسله‌مراتبي

Studying the Openings Compatible with Passive Defense Architecture Using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)

با توجه به اين موضوع كه مقاومت يك ساختمان در برابر موج انفجار بستگي به شكل و فرم ساختمان، تعداد دريچه‌ها و بازشوها و قدرت و جنس مصالح به‌كار رفته در ساختمان دارد، بنابراين مطالعه و ارزيابي نوع بازشوهاي ساختمان در برابر پيامدهاي ناشي از انفجار اهميت مي‌يابد. بازشو ضعيف‌ترين قسمت ساختمان در برابر امواج و تركش‌هاي ناشي از انفجار است و با توجه به قرارگيري آن در جداره خارجي ساختمان مي‌تواند نقش به‌سزايي در كاهش يا افزايش تاثيرات انفجار بر روي ساختمان داشته باشد. بنابراين هدف اصلي اين پژوهش تعيين شاخص‌هايي جهت ارزيابي بازشوهاي ساختمان در برابر اثرات انفجار است. در اين زمينه ابتدا انواع بازشوها با استفاده از منابع كتابخانه‌اي شناسايي گرديد و سپس با مصاحبه با افراد خبره در اين زمينه كليه شاخص مطرح براي بازشو‌ها استخراج گرديد و در ادامه به‌منظور كسب نظرسنجي از خبرگان، پرسش‌نامه‌اي جهت وزن‌دهي به شاخص‌هاي موثر در معرض ديد 28 فرد خبره قرار گرفت. سپس از طريق به‌كارگيري روش تصميم‌گيري گروهي بر اساس الگوي مقايسات زوجي، درجه ضرورت وجودي هر يك از شاخص‌ها تعيين گرديد. در نهايت به اين نتيجه رسيده شد كه از ميان شاخص‌هاي موثر بر ارزيابي بازشوها، نسبت سطح بازشو به سطح ديوار مهمترين عامل بوده و سپس روش نورگيري در رتبه بعدي قرار گرفته است.

The history of five thousand years of human civilization (with only 292 years with no war) and the experiences of the past two decades of our country shows that the enemiesʹ approach is based on strong air attack just in the first month, and civilians bombarding begins if the spirit of national defense continues after two weeks. So the buildings in the cities are damaged in different ways by the attacks that are often promoted as military fault or other excuses. Bombardment and its resulting blast waves increase buildings damage and human casualties. Furthermore, according to the contemporary architectural theorists, designing all spatial scales in the artificial environment are considered in the realm of architecture knowledge. Due to the fact that the resistance of a building against blast waves depends on the shape and form of the building and its roof, number of windows and openings, strength and type of materials used in construction; in the design process it is vital to determine the potential danger and the extent of this danger. Most importantly human safety should be provided. Moreover, to achieve functional continuity after an explosion, architectural and structural factors should be taken into account in the design process, and an optimum building plan should be put together. Study and evaluation becomes important regarding building openings against consequences of the explosion. Openings are the weakest part of the structure against blast waves and shrapnel and could play a role in increasing or decreasing the effects of explosions on buildings, according to their position in the external layer of the building. Thus, the purpose of this survey is to determine some indicators for evaluating the openings of buildings against blast effects. In this regard, the various types of openings were identified for evaluating them in terms of passive defense and using library resources. Then, by interviewing the experts in the field of architecture, civil and passive defense all indicators for the openings were determined. Subsequently, the questionnaires were distributed among 28 experts to obtain their opinions for the purpose of weighing the influential indicators. Through the use of group decision-making method based on paired comparisons model, the priorities and also necessity of each indicator and its weight were determined using a 9-point Likert scale. In order to assess the reliability of the questionnaire, the Cronbach’s Alpha test can be used. The reliability of the questionnaire was acceptable, as the Cronbachʹs Alpha was equals to 0.786. By implementing this method, it was concluded that the ratio of opening area to wall area is the most important factor among other effective indicators followed by skylight method. Based on the results, the effect of these two factors is more than fifty percent in the design of openings compatible with passive defense architecture. It is also important to note that the shape and the type of selected openings should not be in contrast to the building functions.