مبناي مسيوليت متصدي حمل و نقل در حقوق ايران و كنوانسيون هاي بين المللي (سي ام آر– ورشو)

The Responsibility of Transport Enterprise in Iran and International Conventions

گسترش و اهميت حمل و نقل تجاري به شيوه هاي گوناگون اعم از زميني، هوايي و دريايي از يك سو و تلاش ايران براي پيوستن به سازمان تجارت جهاني و لزوم هماهنگي قوانين داخلي با كنوانسيون هاي بين المللي از سوي ديگر، سلسله مباحثي را در اين راستا مطرح نموده كه نياز به بررسي هرچه بيشتر دارد. از جمله اين موارد، انتخاب مبنايي مناسب براي مسيوليت متصدي حمل و نقل است. مبنايي كه ضمن جلوگيري از ورود ضرر به متصدي، منافع صاحب كالا را به بهترين نحو تامين كرده و با روح قوانين مصوب در اين زمينه سازگاري بيشتري داشته باشد. بنابراين، اين مقاله براي پاسخ به اين سوال كه مبناي مسيوليت متصدي حمل و نقل چيست با ارايه تفسيري جديد از قوانين موجود به تفكيك ميان وظايف او روي آورده، در خصوص وظايف تخصصي وي مبناي مسيوليت محض و در خصوص ساير وظايف، مسيوليت مبتني بر تقصير را پذيرفته است. چرا كه اين تفسير هم سنگيني بار اثبات تقصير را از دوش صاحب يا فرستنده كالا بر مي دارد و هم دقت و توجه متصدي را در راستاي انجام وظايف خود افزايش مي دهد. با اميد اين كه اين شيوه تفسير ضمن برطرف كردن معايب مباني مطرح شده در قانون مدني و تجارت در راستاي تامين هرچه بيشتر منافع دو طرف (متصدي و صاحب كالا) گام بردارد.

The development and importance of various types of commercial transportation from one hand and the accordance of Iranʹs law with the WTOʹs regulations on the other hand bring up some issues which makes the need of further researches undeniable. Among these regulations finding a proper theory for the liability of transport enterprise is one of the most challenging topics. A theory which ends in the most benefit for the owner of the goods as well as the transport enterprise. This approach should be also in accordance with the domestic and international laws existed in this area. For this reason, current article divides the responsibilities of the transport enterprise into two main groups. The first group includes the responsibilities that are related to his proficiency. Responsibilities which are in the dominance of a transport enterprise knowledge and experience and that’s the main reason why people, especially the owner of goods, refer to him. This category obeys the restrict liability theory in which transport enterprise bares the most liability. The rest of his responsibilities which are considered to be in the second group are those which are not only in the power and proficiency of a transport enterprise. In the other word these are some tasks which other people such as the owner of the goods have a part in them. This category is considered to be under the rule of negligence theory which is somehow less strict than the first group. Thus in the first chapter, traditional theories about the responsibility of transport enterprise especially under the civil and commercial codes and the defects which can be found in them are discussed, and in the second chapter the new theory mentioned above is illustrated and some clues which lead us to it are detected in national and international legislations and conventions. Particularly conventions which our country has joined it and are treated like national rules. By the hope that this new theory can resolve the incompetency of the old theories which are chosen by commercial and civil codes.