منافع ملي حياتي در پرتو آراي قضايي بين المللي

The Vital National Interest in the Light of International Judicial Procedure

بي شك يكي از مبهم ترين و مناقشه برانگيزترين مفاهيم در اسناد حقوق بين الملل، بحث منافع ملي حياتي دولت هاست كه قدمتي به بلنداي خود دولت- ملت دارد و هر كشوري بنا به موقعيت و شرايط خود تعبير خاصي از آن ارايه مي دهد. مفهوم منافع ملي حياتي، موجب خلايي حقوقي شده و به عنوان مفهومي ماهيتاً سياسي كه جايگاهشان را در متون حقوقي حفظ كرده اند از موانع اصلي در راه توسعه و پيشرفت حقوق بين الملل تلقي مي شوند چرا كه دولت ها به طرق مختلفي با استناد به آن به عنوان يك سپر در مقابل موازين حقوقي و سازوكاري براي فرار و رهايي از تعهدات قانوني، محدوديت هايي بر قواعد حقوق بين الملل اعمال و در عين حال اقدامات خود را قانوني جلوه داده اند و مدعي رعايت حقوق بين الملل مي شوند. رويه قضايي بين المللي حاكي از آن است كه در رابطه منافع ملي حياتي دولت ها با نظم حقوقي بين المللي، اين نظم حقوقي است كه وجاهت اولي و مقدم داشته است و بر خلاف دولت ها قايل به تيوري منافع ملي حياتي معدوداند و اعلام مي كنند كه منافع ملي تابع حقوق بين الملل است نه تفسير و برداشت هر يك از دولت ها و همواره سعي كرده اند توسل به منافع ملي حياتي را به نوعي تفسير كنند كه به ارزش هاي حقوقي عام الشمول بين المللي خدشه اي وارد نشود.

Undoubtedly, one of the most ambiguous and controversial concepts in the international law documents is the debate on the vital national interest which is as old as the concept of nation-state itself and every country due to its own situations and conditions gives a specific interpretation of this concept. The concept of vital national interest, has created a juridical gap and as an essentially political concept has kept its place in juridical texts, which is considered as one of the main obstacles for developments and progresses of international law, because it has been used by states in many ways as a shield against legal standards, as well as as a tool to escape from legal obligations. Therefore, it lays some restrictions on the application of international law rules, yet it looms its acts and claims for regarding international law. International Jurisprudence expresses that, in the relationship between the vital national interests and international legal orders, it is the legal system which has the prior importance. owever, contrary to the government’s view, they allow restricted vital national interest and declare that national interest subordinates to International Law and it is not subject to the of each state. International Law has always tried to interpret thevital national interests in a way that results in the least loss to the universal International values.