گونه‌شناسي هنر شهري در منظر شهري هند

Urban Art Typology in the Urban View of India

هنر شهري، سبك هنري مستقلي است كه توسط هنرمندان در زندگي شهري در سطح شهر اجرا مي‌شود. اين هنر خياباني با بيان فرهنگ يك ملت، در حوزه هنرهاي تجسمي، معماري و شهرسازي استفاده مي‌شود. هنر شهري در هند با مكان يا همان فضاي عمومي شهر مشخص مي شود. به نظر مي‌رسد كه هنر شهري در فضاهاي عمومي هند، تابع زمينه بومي و مذهبي آن است و اين هماهنگي سبب هويت بخشي به آن شده است. آميزش اديان مختلف و نيز رفتارها و آيين‌هاي متفاوت، بخش اعظم و اصلي تشكيل دهنده زندگي اجتماعي در هند به شمار مي‌روند. شاخص‌ترين سمبل گروه‌هاي مذهبي، كه تجلي باورهاي مردم است؛ مجسمه و نوع چيدمان و آرايش فضايي است كه به آنها معنايي فراتر از زيبايي كمي و تزييني مي‌دهد. اين هنرها ، هر كدام معرف آيين خاصي در هند و پاسخگوي بخشي از نيازهاي فرهنگي و آييني جامعه خود است. هدف اصلي در پژوهش حاضر، بيان مباني ومفاهيم مذهبي و آييني متبلور در هنر شهري هند ‌است كه در دوران حيات خود، تفكرات آييني متفاوتي در آن جلوه‌گر بوده است. در اين مقاله سعي بر آن است كه با بررسي نمونه‌هاي مشاهده شده و منتخب در هند و بررسي مصاديق فرهنگي-آييني در آن، بدين مفهوم تاكيد شود كه هدف اصلي و ميراث موجود در هنر شهري، ريشه در تفكرات آييني مردم اين سرزمين دارد. پيوند گسترده مردم هند با مذهب و فرهنگ‌هاي برآمده از آن، نيازهاي روحي و فيزيكي ساكنان آن را برآورده مي‌سازد و همين امر باعث بقا و تداوم آن در طول زمان و شاخص شدن آن به صورت مجموعه‌اي وحدت يافته از هنر شهري شده است. به كمك بازشناسي ساختار هنري هند در منظر شهري مي‌توان به دسته بندي درستي از جنبه‌هاي كاركردي و زيبايي اين هنر در منطقه شهري هند دست پيدا كرد.

Definition of art is a specific form and shape of social consciousness and its aim is to reflect the reality correctly and multilaterally for the purpose of reaching the aim and loftiness which has passed a very tortuous and difficult way. What has caused evolution of urban arts is creating the pictures which have full resemblance to the reality, because they have public addresses and are seen in the paths of the city and daily passing of life. General art are meaningful activities that can be recalled as art. This art has been shaped in the city space with public investment or by persons and is paid attention by the public and it is appeared with a clear aim and in the form of general activities of the city. “Urban art” as an activity combined with urban space is the “environmental art “ which shows different types of general art in close relation with the environment and people in connection with urban space. Each of the characteristics of these arts will be changed to some parts of visual culture of that environment during the time. Urban art is an independent artistic style which is performed in the urban life and by artists in the city space. This street art with expressing the culture of a nation is used in visual arts, architecture and urban planning fields. Urban art in India is specified with the place which is the same general space of the city. It seems that the urban art in general spaces of India is dependent on its native and religious fields and this coordination with the field have caused giving identification to it. Merging different religions with different behaviors and customs forms the greatest and main part of social life in India. The most outstanding symbol of religious group is the statues and type of their stowing and their spatial formation which give them a meaning further than quantitative and decorative beauty and is revelation of the beliefs of people. Each one of these arts represents a special custom in India and is accountable for the cultural and ceremonial requirements of its society. The main aim of this research is expressing religious and ceremonial fundamentals and meanings manifested in urban art of India which different ceremonial thoughts have manifested in them during their life time. It is tried to study the samples observed and selected in India and with considering the cultural and ceremonial instants therein, and to emphasize that the main aim and existing heritage in urban art of India has a root in ceremonial thoughts of the people of this country. Extensive association of people of India with the religions and cultures appeared therein meet spiritual and physical requirements of its inhabitants, and this matter has caused its survival and continuation during the time and characterizing it in form of a united collection of urban art. With the help of recognizing artistic structure of India in its urban aspect, one can find a correct category of performance and beauty aspects of this art in urban region of India.