جايگاه تصوف و عرفان در انديشه هاي سعدي و اثرپذيري او از انديشه هاي غزالي

Place Mysticism and Regard of Gnosticism in Idea of Saadi and Ghazali (With Regard of Comparative)

در ميان شاعران بزرگ ايران، سعدي از جمله شاعراني است كه از خويش سخن گفته است. امّا با اندكي تامّل در آثار وي درمي يابيم كه شناسايي شخصيت، افكار و آثارش رمز و رازهاي بيشتري نسبت به شاعران ديگر دارد. همچنين گفته هاي سعدي در نوشته هايش به ويژه در زمينه عشق و عرفان، با نوعي ابهام همراه است. از سوي ديگر به نظر مي رسد اين باورها و افكار تحت تاثير انديشه ها، عقايد و تفكرات امام محمّد غزالي بوده است. اين متفكران در نظاميّه بغداد به فاصله ي يك قرن از يكديگر به تعليم و تعلّم پرداختند. سعدي در باب هشتم گلستان به طور مستقيم اشاره ميكند «مرا در نظاميه ادرار بود» و همچنين نظر به تدريس كتابهاي غزالي و اثرپذيري مستقيم و غيرمستقيم از وي درنهايت ميتوان بدين نتيجه رسيد كه سعدي با هنرمندي تمام اين تاثيرپذيري از تفكّرات و عقايد غزالي را بسيار اديبانه و هنرمندانه در نوشته هايش منعكس كرده است. افزون بر اين، غزّالي همانند سعدي يك فقيه شافعي با مسلك اشعري و متكلّمي متمايل به تصوف و عرفان بوده است. ما در اين نوشته بر آن هستيم تا ضمن بيان جايگاه عرفاني سعدي و غزالي از نظريه هاي مطرح در ادبيات تطبيقي به بررسي تاثيرپذيري سعدي از امام محمّد غزّالي در موضوع عرفان و تصوف بپردازيم.

Among the great Iranian poets, Saadi is such a poet who has spoken of himself. However, we realize that identifying his character, thoughts and works has more secrets than other poets by a little contemplation in his works. Moreover, his statements in his works (especially in the fields of love and gnosis) are also associated with a kind of confusion. It seems that these beliefs and thoughts are affected by ideas, opinions and thoughts of Imam Muhammad Al-Ghazali. Since both have been educated in Nizamiyya of Baghdad with an interval of one century, and as Saadi directly implies in chapter eight of Gulistan that (I had many duties in Nizimiyah) and also, he has been directly and indirectly affected by Al-Ghazali according to teaching the books of Imam Muhammad. Finally, Saadi - a professor of speech - has been artistically reflected all these influences and ideas in his writings. Moreover, Saadi was a Shafiʹi jurist with the Ashʹari profession like Al-Ghazali and has been the same as Al-Ghazali in this term. And Al-Ghazali on the other hand, is a speaker inclined to Gnosticism and Mysticism. The present paper investigates the influence of Saadi of Imam Mohammad Al-Ghazali on Gnosticism and Mysticism using the French school of comparative literature in order to make clear that Saadi to what extent has been affected by the thoughts and ideas of Al-Ghazali in his gnosis and mystical opinions and in what cases their thoughts were probably different.