توبه و تاثير آن بر حدود از ديدگاه فقه مقارن و قانون مجازات اسلامي 1392

Repentance and its effect on Hudud: A Comparative study in Islamic Jurisprudence and Islamic Penal Code of 2013

اين نوشتار به بررسي تاثير توبه در حدود از ديدگاه فقه و قانون مجازات اسلامي، ميپردازد. توبه عبارت است از بازگشت همراه با پشيماني به سوي خدا و دوري از گناه و عزم بر عدم بازگشت به آن و نيز طلب مغفرت از خداوند و سعي و تلاش بر جبران گذشته. توبه از ديدگاه قرآن و سنت جايگاه بسيار ويژه و مهمي دارد و فرصتي اعطا شده به مجرم است تا از رفتار خود پشيمان گشته و راه صلاح در پيش گيرد. توبه در كنار آثار اخروي، آثار دنيوي نيز دارد. با توجه به اينكه ميزان تاثير توبه در مجازاتهاي دنيوي محل اختلاف فقيهان است، بررسي تاثير آن بر مجازاتهاي حدّي و تعزيري از ديدگاه فقه مقارن و قانون مجازات اسلامي و نيز چگونگي احراز توبه، مطالبي است كه اين نوشتار به آن پرداخته شده است.

Repentance (Tobeh) includes returning with Penitence toward God and avoiding sinning. The penitent should make a resolution not to do sins again. And also the sinner should ask for Godʹs forgiveness and try to compensate for his past. Regarding to Quran and Sunna, repentance has a special and important place. It is an opportunity given to the guilty to repent from his wrongs and to try to right. In addition to the other worldly effects, repentance has mundane effects, too. Since scholars differ about the amount of its effect in mundane punishments, it is necessary to consider its effects in punishments. There are several opinions about the effect of repentance in penalties. Zahariah believe that repentance does not have a role in the lapse of mundane penalties. Because accepting the lapse of punishments by repentance leads up to Godʹs hudud come to a standstill. They believe repentance causing to lapse of unworldly penalties. The religions of Hanafieh, Malekieh and Shafehieh believe that punishment merely renders null the crime of combatant (Mohareb) and doesnʹt have any effects in other punishments, on condition that the combatant repents before government forces take action because only in proportion of the crime of fighting (together) (Moharebeh) there is a clear text (Nass-e-Sarih). Hanableh, Emameih and Shafehieh in one of the saying rely on Ahadis and in comparison (Qias) with other penalties, believe repentance generally clears Hudud. It seems that this opinion is more correct.