آسباد: تجلي گاه هنر و صنعت ( بررسي ويژگي هاي معماري آسباد هاي نشتيفان)

Windmills (Asbad) Manifestation of Art and Technique: Study of Architectural Characteristics of Nashtifan’s Windmills

آسباد از جمله مهم ترين سازه هاي معماري كويري ايران است. اين كارخانه كوچك و به ظاهر ساده نمايانگر تلفيق هنر و دانش معماري صنعتي پيشينيان اين سرزمين در بهره گيري بجا و شايسته از امكانات محلي و بومي و همچنين نيروهاي قدرتمند طبيعت، جهت مرتفع ساختن ابتدايي ترين نياز خود يعني تامين خوراك است. اين پژوهش سعي برآن دارد ضمن شناخت »آسباد «، اين سازه معماري بومي- صنعتي منحصر به فرد در معماري ايراني، به صورت اختصاصي به معرفي آسباد هاي نشتيفان پرداخته و با تشريح ساختار معماري و ساز و كار و نحوه عملكرد آن، بخشي از ارزش هاي معماري نهفته در آن را نمايان سازد. روش تحقيق در اين پژوهش، توصيفي- تحليلي بوده است. از اين رو با انجام مطالعات كتابخانه اي، بررسي هاي ميداني، گردآوري مستندات تصويري و همچنين برداشت جامعي كه از آسباد هاي نشتيفان صورت پذيرفت، كوشش به عمل آمد تا شناخت جامعي از ويژگي هاي معماري آسباد هاي نشتيفان حاصل گردد. حاصل اين مطالعات نخست تهيه نقشه هاي مستند از يك واحد آسباد بوده است كه در حال حاضر جز اندك آسباد هاي فعال نشتيفان محسوب مي شود. بخش ديگري از مطالعات ميداني و كتابخانه اي راهگشاي شناسايي نحوه عملكرد آسباد از نخستين مراحل آماده سازي گندم و راه اندازي آسباد تا زمان تهيه آرد و متوقف گرديدن چرخش پره هاي آسباد است. مصالح كاربردي در ساخت آسباد كه بخش اصلي آن را مصالح بومي تشكيل مي دهند، نيز در اين پژوهش مورد بررسي و شناسايي قرارگرفته است. مجموعه اين مطالعات نمايانگر ارزش ها و قابليت هاي بالقوه موجود در ساختار معمارانه اين ميراث فرهنگي- تاريخي ناشناخته كشورمان است.

Windmill (Asbad) is one of the most important kavirian architectural constructions in Iran. This small and apparently plain and simple factory is the significant evidence of ancient Iranians’ ability to put art and science together in using native and local feasibilities and possibilities and natural power to satisfying their first need of having food. Khourasan as a vast area in Iran has an old history in creation and production of brilliant architectural constructions before and after adopting Islam by Iranian people, especially during Islamic period. In this area, there are lots of unique incomparable windmills which are more than 1000 years old. These exclusive and exceptional windmills can be found in Nahbandan, Khawf, Nashtifan, Khargard, Barabad and some other areas in Great Khourasan, among all of them only Nashtifan’s windmills complex is long-lasting and still standing. Actually, even now some parts of this set of buildings are working. Another reason for the significance of this study is that, this local-industrial unique architectural complex is the most matchless and incomparable windmill construction in Iran and the oldest windmill complex with vertical axis in the world. This review generally deals with a broad look at windmill as a local-industrial unique architectural construction and specifically with describing Nashtifan’s windmills, their architectural structure and organization, their operational procedure and functional process in order for revealing their great concealed and hidden architectural values. The research method is analytical-descriptive. In order to prepare and propose a theoretical framework for obtaining and using information about architectural specifications and characteristics, firstly review of literature will be done on several questions about windmills and their function. In situ investigation and comprehensive assessment and examination of a windmill unit is another important part of this research. The result of this part of the study is preparation of some plots and drawings of a windmill unit which is one of the few and limited working and ongoing units. In these plots and schemes, architectural spaces in a windmill unit are shown. Theses spaces and rooms are “Askhane”, the bottom room of windmill and the place of mill stone, and “Parkhane” the top part of windmill and the pace that “charkhbad” (wind round or disk) is located. Two points that are discussed in this paper are especially worthy of notice: first the operation system of windmills from first step of providing wheat to the last one of making flour and stopping the circle of windmill; second is the local construction materials used in Nashtifan Windmills. Some of these local construction materials which have an important and vital role and position in proper and appropriate work of windmills are the wood of some native trees, mud brick, and Kahgel (mix of clay and straw). According to these points, this study is aimed to show the hidden values and capacities of this unknown architectural structure of our cultural heritage so that high-quality and superior conservation can be provided for this worthy and valuable achievement.