اعتباري يا واقعي بودن طهارت و نجاست از منظر ادله شرعيه

Considering Cleanness and Uncleanness as Nominal or Real Issues from the Viewpoints of Religious Percepts

ماهيت شناسي موضوعات فقهي، يكي از بايسته هاي فقهي موثر در كشف ملاكات احكام است. طهارت و نجاست از مسايل مهم فقهي است كه شناخت ماهيت آنها، از حيث واقعي يا اعتباري بودن، ممكن است بخشي از احكام تعبّدي در اين حوزه را دستخوش تحولات اساسي كند. پرسشي كه مطرح است اين است كه آيا طهارت و نجاست از امور واقعيه خارجيه است يا از امور اعتباريه جعليه؟ لوازم و تبعات اين دو ديدگاه چيست؟ بررسي ادله شرعيه وارده در اين باب بيانگر اين است كه علي رغم عدم تصريح به ماهيت آن دو از حيث واقعي يا اعتباري بودن در اين ادله، به دليل اشاره صريح به ملاكات احكام در اكثر موارد، اين ادله از ظرفيتي بالا، جهت استنباط و استظهار واقعي بودن طهارت و نجاست برخوردار مي باشند. دراين تحقيق، با ورود به ادلّه و دقت و كنكاش در ملاكات احكام، اين نتيجه استظهار شده است كه طهارت و نجاست نه از امور جعليه ي اعتباريه، بلكه جزو امور واقعيه و تكوينيه بوده كه موضوع احكام اعتباريه شرعيه واقع مي شوند و درخطابات شرعيه، با توجه به حقيقت وجودي و تكويني آن دو، نجاست و طهارت براي اشيا و اعيان اعتبار شده است.

Understanding the nature of religious juridical subjects is one of the effective necessities of religious jurisprudence in making clear the religious precepts criteria. Both cleanliness and uncleanness are very important issues in the religious jurisprudence that understanding their nature from real and not real points of view may cause some basic changes in the field of cleanness and uncleanness. Now the question is whether cleanness and uncleanness are considered as real issues or nominal issues, what are the necessities and consequences of both views? Researching of the received religious percepts in the field of cleanness and uncleanness indicated that despite of lack of vividness in the nature of cleanliness and uncleanness from the viewpoint of real or nominal because of explicit reference of religious percepts criteria in the cases these proofs considered from high potential in proving and extracting of reality of cleanliness and uncleanness. The researcher not only considered the religious percepts in the field of cleanliness and uncleanness but also studied the criteria for religious percepts and concluded that cleanliness and uncleanness are a real affair which can be a matter of nominal religious percepts, and in that religious speeches they did consider cleanness and uncleanness for all things with attention to the real presence of both.