بررسي اختلافات ابوالحسن اشعري و امام فخررازي

Illustrating the differences among Ash’ari and Imam Fakhr Razi

اين مقاله بررسي اختلافات ابوالحسن اشعري و امام فخررازي را دنبال مي‌كند كه به رغم وابستگي به دو نظام فكري مشابه، در پاره‌اي از موارد، باهم اختلاف‌نظرهايي دارند. قسمت اول اين مقاله به بيان اختلافهاي كلامي آنها در باب مسايلي چون صفات خدا، جبر و اختيار و ... و همچنين نگرش آنها به فرقه‌هاي مختلف و قسمت دوم به بيان دلايل اختلافهاي آنها مثل پيشرفت كلام اشعري، نگرش به قرآن در انديشه‌هاي آنها و ويژگيهاي عصرآنها و ... مي‌پردازد. ابوالحسن اشعري در كتابهاي مختلف خود بعد از انصراف از معتزله، ايرادهاي زيادي را به نحله معتزله گرفت. از مهم‌ترين ايرادها مسيله تاويل و استفاده از آراي فيلسوفان توسط معتزله بود و هرچند وي در برخي از مواضع خود چون اثبات وجود خدا به عقل‌گرايي رفته، اما شكي نيست كه وي انگيزه فلسفي شدن كلام را نداشته است. با اين وجود سنت‌گرايي در فرايند زندگاني وي استمرار داشت، مكتب كلامي وي به رغم اختلافات ظاهري با حنبليها استمرار انديشه آنها به شمار مي‌رفت. در مقابل فخررازي انديشمندي بود كه كلام را به عقل‌گرايي نزديك كرد و در اين راه ذهن جستجوگر، نقاد و فعّال وي تاثير فراوان داشت؛ زيرا وي نمي‌توانست به يك عقيده ثابت بماند. چند نظريه‌اي را به عنوان حقيقت مي‌پذيرفت، اما جستجوگري دوباره او را به قبول انديشه‌اي ديگر مي‌كشاند و در اين امر، آشنايي با آثار فيلسوفان و تاثيرپذيري از آنها، ويژگيهاي عصر وي، گرايش به عقل‌گرايي و ... تاثير بسزايي داشت. بنابراين طبيعي است كه وي رديه‌ها و انتقاداتي بر فيلسوفان، حنبليها و ديگر فرق بنويسد و از تاثير اين عوامل است كه در برخي مسايل با ابوالحسن اشعري كه به مذهب وي است، اختلاف پيدا مي‌كند و او را به باد انتقاد مي‌گيرد.

This article is examining differences between Abolhasan Ash’ari and Imam Fakhr Razi which they belong to same thinking system but had disagreements in some points. The first section of this article would explain their Kalami differences in subjects such as virtues of God, Fatalism and Free will and … also their approach through different sects. In the second section [the article] would discuss reasons of their disagreements such as improvement of Kalam of Ash’ari, approach to Qur’an in their thoughts and features of their time and …. Abolhasan Ash’ari in his various books criticized Mo’tazeleh after renunciation from them. The most important point was the issue of Ta’vil and using philosophers ideas by Mo’tazeleh thoughts, and he in some points go to intellectualism attitude such as in proof of God’s existence but there is no doubt that he had not had motion to make Kalam as a philosophy. However traditionalism (Sonnah) had continuity in process of his life, and his Kalami’s system despite of all outward differences with Hanbalis was a continuous point for their thoughts. At the contrary Imam Fakhr Razi was a thinker who linked Kalam to intellectualism and in this path his searching, active and critic mind was effective, because he couldn’t merely stay on one idea. He accepted some theories as a truth but his searching [mind] again made him to accept another idea, and in this case points such as becoming familiar with philosophers’ works and getting effect from them, features of his time, his tendency to intellectualism and… had a great effect on him. Therefore it is natural that he criticized philosophers, Hanabalis and other sects and because of these influences had differences with Abolhasan Ash’ari in some points who had a same religion with him however he criticized him a lot.