ارزش اثباتي اقرار در جنايات؛ از الزامات نظري تا تحولات قانوني

The Positive Values of Confession in Crimes from the Theoretical Obligations to the Legal Evolutions

يكي از بحث‌هاي مهم و بنيادين حقوق كيفري، قواعد حاكم بر ادله اثبات دعاوي كيفري و سنجش ارزش اثباتي آن‌هاست. ارزش اثباتي اقرار در امور كيفري، در اثبات همه جرايم و از جمله جرايم عليه اشخاص اهميت بسياري دارد. تحولات حقوق كيفري ايران، سوالات و ابهاماتي را در خصوص ارزش اثباتي اقرار به ويژه از جهت طريقيت يا موضوعيت اقرار در جنايات (جرايم عليه اشخاص) ايجاد كرده است. با وجود اينكه دكترين حقوقي و رويه قضايي ايران طريقيت اقرار در جنايات را پسنديده است، قانون مجازات اسلامي مصوب 1392 سخن از موضوعيت برخي ادله شرعي از قبيل اقرار و شهادت به ميان آورده است. جستار پيش رو مي‌كوشد تا در مقام تبيين ارزش اثباتي اقرار در جنايات و بررسي تحولات حقوق كيفري ايران در اين زمينه، الزامات نظري طريقيت اقرار و ديدگاه فقهي در بيان اين مفهوم را بررسي نمايد. برآيند نوشته حاضر نشان مي‌دهد كه طرح موضوعيت ادله اثبات شرعي در قانون مجازات اسلامي 1392، به دليل زبان و گفتمان خاص قانون‌گذار است و به معناي تغيير در ارزش اثباتي ادله و از جمله اقرار نيست.

One of the important and fundamental debates in criminal law is the principles governing the evidences of proving criminal litigation and evaluating their positive values. The positive value of confession in penal matters has a considerable important in proving all offences including offences against persons. The evolution of the penal code of Iran has established questions and ambiguities in respect to the positive value of confession especially from the point of creative or positive role of confession in offences against persons (in Islamic penal code, some crimes are proved only by special and specific evidences -proofs- as mentioned in Islamic texts -creative- but some crimes are proved by any evidences and have no specific features but only a path to reality -positive-). In spite of being accepted the positive role of confession by law doctrine and jurisdiction of Iran, the Islamic penal code (codified 1392) has indicated the creative role of some the evidences of the Islamic religious law such as confession and testimony. In order to determine the positive value of confession in offenses and the evolution of new criminal law of Iran in this area, this note attempts to study the theoretical obligations of the positive role of confession and the Islamic jurisprudential look in stating this concept. The result shows that stating of the creative role of the Islamic legal proofs in the criminal law of Iran 1392 is because of the specific legislator’s speech and discourse and it does not mean the change of the positive value of the proofs (evidences) like confession. Key words: Confession, Confession in offenses, The positive role of confession, The creative role of confession, The positive value of confession.