نظريه تنزيل- تاويل در انديشه صدرالمتالهين؛ مقدمه‌اي بر فلسفه ديني

Descent - Interpretation Theory of Mulla Sadra; an Introduction to Religious Philosophy

ديدگاه صدرالمتالهين درباره پيوند دين و فلسفه در دو مقام پديداري و فهم قابل رهگيري است. نسبت دين و فلسفه در مقام تنزيل و پديداري از حيثيات مختلفي نظير حيث منشا، فاعل‌شناسا، روش، مسايل، زبان و زمان بررسي مي‌شود. در اين نظريه، دين و فلسفه در اصل روش و مسايل متحدند، اما از جهت مرتبه نسبت به يكديگر تفاضل دارند. نتيجه اين تفاضل در نسبت زباني و زماني دين و فلسفه نمايان مي‌شود؛ به طوري كه، زبان دين علاوه بر اشتمال زبان حكمي از زباني تنزيلي بهره مي‌برد كه رقيقه‌اي از زبان حكمت محسوب مي‌شود؛ همچنين، با عنايت به تفاضل معرفتي دين نسبت به فلسفه، فيلسوفان براي نيل به حقيقت بايد از آموزه‌هاي انبيا اقتباس كنند و بنابراين، فلسفه زماني از دين متاخر است. مناسبات دين و فلسفه در مقام فهم نيز عبارت است از روش‌هايي زباني و باطني براي نيل به معناي معتبري كه الفاظ متون ديني از آن‌ها حكايت مي‌كنند. بهره‌گيري از اين روش‌ها فلسفه را در جايگاهي قرار مي‌دهد كه با اقتباسي روش‌مند از آموزه‌هاي ديني، در عين حفظ گوهر تفلسف، مي‌توان آن را به ديني‌بودن متصف كرد.

The relationship between religion and philosophy as knowledge systems and study of their interactions has always been an important issue in religious and philosophical thought that has a large influence in clarifying the meaning of religious philosophy. Islamic philosophers’ views on this issue can be investigated in a uniform pattern. Based on this pattern, each philosopher studies the relationship between religion and philosophy in two stages: creation and understanding. Each philosopher, according to his views about the relationship between religion and philosophy in the creation stage, describes how to transmit the religious doctrines into philosophy. Mulla Sadraʹs view about the relationship between religion and philosophy can be considered in two stages: creation and understanding. The relationship between religion and philosophy in the creation stage have different sections: origins, methods, problems, language, time and the relationship between prophet and philosopher. In this theory, religion and philosophy are united in method and problems, but these are different in degrees. The result of this difference appears in language and temporal relationship between religion and philosophy. The language of religion Includes argument and a logical method that is a weakened version of argumentative methods. To access the truth, philosophers should adopt the teachings of the prophets. Thus the philosophy should be founded later than religion. The relationship between religion and philosophy in the understanding stage includes the language and esoteric methods for obtaining the valid meaning of religious texts that are stating the truth. Accordingly, methods of interpretation can be employed to achieve religious philosophy.