نگرش سياسي – اجتماعي نوگراي دانشجويان و تاثير خانواده و دانشگاه بر آن

Studentʹʹs Modernist Socio - Political Attitudes in the View of Family and University Effects (The Case of Study: Isfahan Universityʹʹs Students)

انسان به سمتي كه مي‌نگرد، حركت مي‌كند. اين نگرش انسان است كه به زندگي او جهت مي‌دهد و در سرتاسر زندگي او را هدايت مي‌كند. پژوهش حاضر قصد دارد به بررسي نگرش سياسي – اجتماعي نوگراي دانشجويان و عوامل موثر برآن همچون خانواده و دانشگاه بپردازد. چارچوب نظري پژوهش، تلفيقي از نگره‌هاي دانشمنداني همچون ديويي، هگل، آدورنو و فروم است. روش تحقيق، پيمايشي است. نمونه مورد نظر (360 نفر) به شيوه سهميه‌اي از ميان تمامي دانشجويان دانشگاه اصفهان انتخاب شده‌اند. براي تجزيه و تحليل داده‌ها، با توجه به سطح سنجش متغيرهاي مورد بررسي، از آماره‌هاي توصيفي و آماره‌هاي استنباطي استفاده شده است. كليه عمليات اجرايي پردازش داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار Spss و Amos انجام شده است. ميانگين نمره نوگرايي كل پاسخگويان نشان مي‌دهد كه ميزان نوگرايي دانشجويان در حد بالايي است. يافته‌ها همچنين حاكي از آن است كه بين هر دو بعد الگوهاي ارتباطي خانواده و نگرش سياسي - اجتماعي نوگراي دانشجويان رابطه معناداري وجود دارد. در حالي كه جهت‌گيري گفت و شنود رابطه مستقيم دارد، بعد همنوايي خانواده رابطه‌اي معكوس با نوگرايي دانشجويان داشته است. ميان ديگر متغير مستقل تحقيق، يعني نفوذ اجتماعي – سياسي دانشگاه با نگرش دانشجويان رابطه معناداري وجود نداشت. دو متغير جنسيت و پايگاه اجتماعي – اقتصادي دانشجويان نيز رابطه معناداري با نگرش سياسي – اجتماعي نوگرا داشته‌اند.

Introduction Attitude refers to a positive or negative orientation towards an object, a person, a particular group of people. The attitude construct continues to be a major focus of theory and research in the social and behavioral sciences. This paper examines how studentʹs modernist sociopolitical attitudes may be influenced by their family and university. The question is to what extent are peopleʹs attitudes related to their atmosphere. The major issue to be discussed here is whether or not attitudes have systematic and close relationship to their social setting. Peopleʹs worldviews are important: they clearly affect the way people think and behave, at the personal, social and societal level. Insights into the nature of peopleʹs sociopolitical orientation. Sociopolitical attitudes refer to a general ideological tendency based on attitudes and beliefs about sociopolitical issues (Hastie, 2007: 259). In this paper sociopolitical attitudes based on four dimensions include; democratic attitudes, liberalism, critical thinking and individualism. Alexander (2006) believes that to form a democracy we need special motives which are counter codes to nondemocratic ones. As he put it, democracy depends on self control and individual initiatives, the people who compose it are describe as being capable of activism and autonomy rather than as being passive and dependent. They are seen as rational and reasonable rather than irrational and hysterical, as calm rather than excited, as controlled rather than passionate, as sane and realistic rather than fantastical or mad (Alexander, 2006: 57). The family is the institution where human beings first experience non-heteronymous priority of the whole over the part. Family members do not relate to each other as independent persons but rather as members of a larger whole where they find their essential identity. For Hegel, this nonindividualistic dimension of the family is important (Luther, 2009: 158). Family is the first and the most important social context which through it inter-individual relationship being formed. Through this relationship and interaction oneʹs mind formed. The amount of parental influence over a young childʹs behavior and attitudes is so great that some authors have referred to childhood as a "total institution" comparable in its degree of control to confinement in a penal institution or a concentration camp. Parents have almost total control over the young childʹs informational input, the behaviors demanded of the child, and the rewords and punishments meted out. Thus they have great power to shape the childʹs attitudes, particularly because the infant has no preexisting attitudes that would be contrary to the parental influence. Thus many childhood attitudes are probably a combination of the childʹs own experience and what he or she has heard parents say or seen them do. Newcomb (1943) suggested that knowledge communicated to the students played an important role. He explains that the degree of liberalization which occurs there is to be traced, originally at least, to factually attitudes (…) in the sense that factually were concerned to make students aware of their contemporary world (…)The writer would put great emphasis upon this point. (Guimond, 1999: 242). People who have achieved higher level of education has a different socio-political attitudes compare to those who have limited education. Almond verbaʹs researches in five countries about educated person show that: 1- He is more aware of the impact of government on the individual than is the person of less education. 2- He is more likely to report that he follows politics and pays attention to election campaigns than is the individual of less education. 3- He has more political information. 4- He has opinions on a wider range of political subjects: the focus of his attention to politics is wider. 5- He is more likely to engage in political discussion. 6- He feels free to discuss politics with a wider range of people (Almond and Verba, 1989: 10). Materials and Methods This study performed by using survey method. The population of study consisted of all Isfahan Universityʹs students. The sample size was calculated based on the indices t= 1.96, P=0.05 and q=0.5 using Cochran‘s formula. Finally, a number of 360 students were selected as the participants using quota sampling method. In some of the scales, a number of questions were deleted to provide an acceptable value of alpha. Face validity of questionnaire was determined by expertʹs viewpoint. For measuring the reliability of the scales, Cronbachʹs alpha coefficient was calculated. In some of the scales, a number of questions were deleted to provide an acceptable value of alpha. The minimum acceptable alpha coefficient was considered to be 0.70 in order to confirm the reliability of the variables. Data analysis was done using SPSS and Amos software. The results showed that the mean score of modernist sociopolitical attitudes among students was above average. To test the theoretical model and researchʹs hypotheses we used structural equation modeling. We preferred structural equation modeling framework because it provides the researchers with tools to test the fit of the model to the data and directly test the significance effects (Kline, 2005). In the tested model Attitudes and mass media are latent variables. Model fit indices such as CMIN/DF ratio, IFI, NFI, CFI, PCFI, RMSEA, were inspected. Discussion of results and conclusions This paper examines how university and family affect studentʹs modernist sociopolitical attitudes: a case study in Isfahan University. Iranʹs society particularly Iranian students have been changing. Their attitudes toward modernity and sociopolitical issues have been changed. As the result shows, most of the students in researchʹs population have modern sociopolitical attitudes. In the theoretical framework upon the theories we proposed three main hypotheses: 1- There is a relationship between the family communication patterns and studentsʹ modernist socio-political attitudes. 2: There is a relationship between the social – political influence of university and studentsʹ modernist socio-political attitudes. 3: There is a relationship between the demographic variables (such as socio-economic status and gender) and studentsʹ modernist socio-political attitudes. The result of a two-variate regression shows that there is a positive relationship between the two independent variables (family communication patterns and demographic variables) and studentsʹ modernist socio-political attitudes, but there is not relationship between the influence of university and studentsʹ attitudes. Keywords: Modernist Sociopolitical Attitudes, Family Communication Patterns, Social – Political Influence of University, Socioeconomic Status, Students.