چكيده لاتين :
Introduction
Social humiliation is one of the problems which sometimes occurred attentively and sometimes inattentively during communication. Increasing statistics on psychological problems and social consequences could drag our attention toward a new problem in the field of pathology and raise new questions about humiliation which have been ignored for long time. The object of this paper is to map the conceptual space of humiliation understood as an emotion and a social process occurring within a network of social relationships. The word humiliation has its roots in the Latin word humus, earth. This entails a spatial orientation, a downward orientation, literally a ‘de-gradation.’ ‘Ned-verdigelse’ (Norwegian), ‘Er-niedrig-ung’ (German) and ‘a-baisse-ment’ (French) all mean ‘de-gradation.’ All these words are built on the same spatial, orientational metaphor1 that places itself within a framework of relations. Analysis of the etymology of the word humiliation thus shows that at its core is the sense of a ‘downward push (linder, 2000, 2).’The term is synonymous with notions such as humiliation laughing losing face, being made to feel like a fool, feeling foolish, Hurt, Disgraced, Indignity, Debased, Denigrated, Dishonored, Disrespected, disʹed, Defamed, Humbled, Scorned, Slighted, Slurred,Shamed, Mortified,Rejected ,being laughed at (Klein, 1991: 4). We believe that humiliation is a universal human experience; however, the particularities of this experience can only be understood within the social, cultural, and historical context in which these events occur. Humiliation appears in countless forms. It can be (1) an internal experience (e.g., a feeling, an emotion), (2) an external event (e.g., a degrading interpersonal interaction, bullying, abuse, violent conflict, even genocide), or (3) system-ic social conditions (e.g., intractable poverty, discrimination, forced dislo-cation),( Hartling, Lindner, Spalthoff and Britton, 2013: 56). the victimis placed in a situation that feels as small and dignity, character and pride,he has been hurt (Leander, 2001:46). Humiliation and responses to humiliation can have destructive implications at the intrapersonal, interpersonal, institutional and international levels (e.g. Hartling, Rosen, Walker, & Jordan, 2000; Klein, 1991; Lindner, 2006). Humiliation takes an active part in a large scope of situations that people encounter during life, from extreme (e.g. war related conflicts) to ordinary ones (e.g. at work and academic institutes) (Fisk, 2001; Lindner, 2002; Smith, 2001; Uitto, 2011). Because humiliation is believed to be related to anger and aggression, both inward and outward directed, it can lead to retaliation and revengeful behavior, but also to avoidance and withdrawal from the situation (Elison & Harter, 2007; Jackson, 2000; Klein, 1991; Lindner, 2002; Miller, 1988). Humiliation generally leads to unconstructive behaviors to resolve a conflict. This is how humiliation contributes to the enduring nature of conflicts (Goldman & Coleman, 2005; Lindner, 2002). The present research investigated various dimensions of this question of humiliation and social actors in terms of what types of experiences are examples of humiliation? Evidence shows that Humiliation entailing grave consequences for individuals, families and society. Humiliation is traumatic and injury mechanism, because the production process does not end solely to the original space and constantly reproduced in various forms. Although qualitative interviews with a limited number of subjects does not generalize to the population, but also the deep layers and expose this phenomenon in the context of future studies to provide greater levels.
Methods and Materials
Using qualitative method, the current study attempts to apply semi-structured interviews with 40 men and women in Tehran in order to examine the perception of participants toward humiliation based on their lived experiences and their narrative. Thematic analysis is the most common form of analysis in qualitative research. It emphasizes pinpointing, examining, and recording patterns (or "themes") within data.Themes are patterns across data sets that are important to the description of a phenomenon and are associated to a specific research question. The themes become the categories for analysis.[Thematic analysis is performed through the process of coding in six phases to create established, meaningful patterns. These phases are: familiarization with data, generating initial codes, searching for themes among codes, reviewing themes, defining and naming themes, and producing the final report.We selected the most appropriate method to the research question. The method of analysis should be driven by both theoretical assumptions and the research questions and provides a flexible method of data analysis and allows for researchers with various methodological backgrounds to engage in this type of analysis. Reliability with this method was a concern because of the wide variety of interpretations that arise from the themes, as well as applying themes to large amounts of text. In order to Increasing reliability multiple researchers were coding simultaneously.
Discussion of Results and Conclusion
In terms of the subjective intended meaning of the participants, 4 different type of humiliation are goal related (a type of humiliating relationships that humilator done the act of humiliation with a specific goal of reducing, scorning &…) power related(this kind of humiliation occur when victim is on the lower statue than humilator. For example boss in related with his/her staffs or teachers in related with students), neglect related (despite of other kind of humiliation, this is an unintended interaction which a person who labeled humilator is innocent and humiliated person think that humiliation was intentional) and dishonored related (when humilator was a victim of humiliation in somewhere in the past and present) humiliation. According to the findings extracted from analyzing the interviews, the examples of humiliations varies on the basis of the goals and the frames which humiliation raised in and it could be classified in two types including verbal (like applying bad words, mocking and poking fun at) and non-verbal (direct and indirect). Diversity and complexity of interaction between people make a porous kind of conceptualization about the concept of actions so it made humiliation like a fixed element of realationships. Accordingly, finding of present research is just the beginning and needs to wide and pervasive study.
Keywords: Humiliation, Violence, Qualitative Method
