نوآوريهاي منطقي فارابي و نقش او در اشاعه و تحول منطق ارسطويي در جهان اسلام

Farabi’s Innovations in Logic and his Role in the Dissemination and Transformation of Aristotelian Logic in the World of Islam

ابونصر فارابي با ايضاح مفاهيم غامض منطق ارسطويي در شرح و تفسير استادانه خود بر تمام ابواب كتاب ارغنون‌ ‌ارسطو، و همچنين با نوآوريهاي بيبديل خود در علم منطق بويژه تقسيم معارف به دو دسته «تصور و تصديق»، سبب اشاعه و گسترش ميراث منطقي يونان و سپس تحوّل آن در جهان اسلام شد. نوشتار حاضر به ذكر و بررسي برخي از افكار منطقي فارابي ميپردازد؛ از جمله، تقسيم معارف به تصور و تصديق، نظر فارابي درباره» كلي و جزيي و منشا معرفت انسان، تقسيم مفاهيم كلي به معقول اول و معقول ثاني، تلفيق نظريه» حملپذيري ارسطو با كليات خمس فرفوريوس، ذاتگرايي در تعريف، مغايرت سلب جهت با سالبه» موجهه، نظريه خاص فارابي در امكان استقبالي، استقرا و تمثيل، و نوآوري وي در باب مغالطه و بسط و تبيين مواضع مغالطه.

Through clarifying the complex concepts in Aristotelian logic in his masterful commentary on all chapters of Aristotle’s Organon, as well as through his unprecedented innovations in the field of logic, particularly in his division of knowledge into “concept and judgment”, Farabi developed the Greek logical legacy in the world of Islam. In the present paper, the writers initially refer to and explore some of his ideas in the field of logic, such as the division of different types of knowledge into two categories of concept and judgment, his view of the particular and the universal and the origin of man’s knowledge, his division of universal concepts into the first and the second intelligible, his synthesis of Aristotle’s theory of predication with Porphyry’s five-fold universals, his definition of essentialism, his view of the inconsistency of modal negation with permissible negation, his specific theory of future possibility, his idea of induction and analogy, and his innovation regarding fallacy and the explanation and expansion of the different stand-points in this regard.