ايجاب، منبع يكجانبه ي التزام

Offer, Source of Unilateral Obligation

در خصوص الزام آور بودن ايجاب، ديدگاه‌هاي متفاوتي وجود دارد كه در يك سوي آن، لزوم مطلق و در ديگر سو، جواز مطلق است. ديدگاه‌هاي ميانه نيز قايل به جواز درج شرط عدم رجوع و نيز امكان جبران خسارات ناشي از رجوع از ايجاب، مي‌باشند. ديدگاه مشهور بين فقها و حقوق دانان، جواز رجوع از ايجاب است. در ميان قايلين به جواز رجوع، برخي ايجاب را با درج شرط، غير قابل رجوع ميدانند و گروهي حتي امكان درج شرط را نيز منتفي دانسته و ايجاب را در همه‌ي حالات، قابل رجوع تلقي نموده‌اند. به نظر مي‌رسد كه بر خلاف ديدگاه مشهور، ايجاب الزام آور است زيرا تعهدي يكجانبه محسوب مي‌شود منتها الزام ناشي از آن را نبايد با الزام ناشي از عقد خلط نمود. ايجاب در آن حد ايجاد الزام مي‌كند كه ايجاب دهنده اولاً در مدت متعارف و يا مشروط حق رجوع از ايجاب را از دست مي‌دهد و دوم اينكه در اين مدت نمي تواند تصرفات منافي با حق مخاطب ايجاب را در موضوع ايجاب به عمل آورد.

Offer is created by offeror`s intention. There are three opinions about the revocation of offer. The First one is that the offer is always revocable and any agreement as to the contrary is void. The supporters of this opinion are divided into two groups. Some jurisprudent and lawyers believe that offeror who revoke of offer is doing his right and have no duty to compensate. But another group believes that the revocation of offer is a kind of tort and offeror is responsible. The second one is that, revocation is not possible. I believe this opinion (offer is not revocable) can be accepted in Shiite jurisprudence and is not rejected by all Shiite jurisprudent. The third opinion is that the offer or can revoke its offer but in some conditions, it is not possible for him to revoke it. For example, when it indicates, whether by stating a fixed time for acceptance or otherwise, that it is irrevocable, or if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offer has acted in reliance on the offer. CISG accepted this idea. All these three opinions, based on their own philosophy. The 2nd opinion which is accepted in this article is based on Unilateral Obligation Theory. This theory is accepted by some great jurisprudent and I focused on this theory to establish the idea of irrevocability of offer.