بررسي ادله تفاوت ديه زن و مرد در فقه اماميه

The Examination of the Evidences of the Dissimilarity (Difference) of the Diya (Punitive Compensation) of Women and Men

براساس فتواي مشهور فقيهان شيعه و برخي از فرَق اهل سنت (حنبلي ها) ميان ديه زن و مرد در بعضي موارد، تفاوت است و قانون مجازات اسلامي هم، كه براساس فقه اماميه تدوين گرديده است، قايل به اين نظريه مي باشد (ق م ا، ماده 300 سابق و ماده 550 لاحق)، اگرچه اين نظريه درميان فقها مخالفاني نيز دارد. از طرف ديگر در سال هاي اخير، با توجه به گسترش جريان هاي فمنيستي سعي بر اين مي گردد كه بيان كنند اسلام و به ويژه فقه شيعه پويايي لازم را نداشته و منجر به تبعيض جنسيتي و در برخي موارد ترويج خشونت عليه زنان گرديده است. در اين مقاله سعي داريم تا با بررسي تفاوت ديه زن و مرد از منظر فقه پوياي اماميه و حقوق اسلامي، جامعيت احكام و فلسفه مندي اين تفاوت را به شيوه اسنادي مورد بررسي قرار دهيم، لذا پس از بازتاب مباحث فراوان انجام شده بين اين دو نظريه، معلوم شد كه براساس مبناي تشيع اين احكام معتبر، مخالف با قرآن و سنت نيست، و اين مساله در نظام حقوقي اسلام با ديگر مقررات موجود در اين نظام هماهنگ است؛ همچنين تفاوت هاي جسمي و روحي زنان با مردان لازمه نظم آفرينش است و موجب تغيير احكام دين نمي شود.

A ccording to the fatwa (legal opinion concerning Islamic Law) of the Islamic famous jurists and some of Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence (fiqh) (the Hanbali school), there is dissimilarity (difference) between diya (punitive compensation) of women and men and the Islamic penal code which has been codified based on Imami jurisprudence has accepted this opinion (civil code, Article 300 previously and Article 500, although this attitude has opponents among the Islamic jurists. From the other side, in recent years with arising the feminist movements, it has been tried to state that Islam and especially Shiʹa jurisprudence has no necessary dynamic and it has leaded to gender discrimination and in some cases it has caused the aggression against women. This paper aims to study the purpose (hikmah) of this dissimilarity (difference) between diya (punitive compensation) of women and men from the view of Imami dynamic jurisprudence and Islamic law, the comprehensiveness of Islamic ordinances (ahkam) and philosophy of this difference with documentary method. Therefore, after presenting the several debates which have been taken apart between these two opinions, it revealed that according to Shiʹa these Islamic ordinances (ahkam) are valid and not against the noble Quran and Sunnah and it accords with other available Islamic decrees (rules) in legal system of Islam. Also psychic and bodily differences between men and women are necessity of creation order and it does not induce changes of Islamic ordinances (ahkam). ?