مناسبات شيعه و معتزله در قرن چهارم هجري

The relations between Shia and Mutazele in the fourth century

از نيمه دوم قرن اول هجري به بعد، فرق و مذاهب مختلف كلامي شروع به رشد كردند. يكي از اين جريان‌هاي فكري معتزله بود كه تا اواسط قرن سوم هجري روابط چندان مطلوبي با شيعه نداشت؛ بنابراين تا اين برهه از زمان بسياري از رهبران دو گروه رديه‌هاي فراواني بر آثار هم‌ديگر مي‌نوشتند كه هدف آن‌ها از اين عمل، دفاع از اصول اعتقادي مكتب خود بود كه در بسياري از موارد با تعصب و چشم‌پوشي از حقيقت نيز همراه ‌مي‌شد. اما از نيمه دوم قرن سوم هجري خصوصاً با روي كار آمدن حكومت شيعي آل‌بويه اين جريان فكري به گونه‌اي ديگر طي طريق كرد و روابط فكري معتزله با شيعه بسيار به هم نزديك شد به‌طوري كه بسياري از شيعيان از استادان معتزلي علم فراواني كسب كردند و بعضي از معتزليان مثل راوندي و ابوعيسي وراق به شيعه گرويدند و اصطلاح متشيعه معتزله در اين عصر، اصطلاحي رايج كه به معتزلياني كه به شيعه گرايش پيدا كرده بودند، اطلاق مي‌‌‌شد. همچنين بسياري از بزرگان معتزله با رهبران فكري شيعه مثل شيخ مفيد، خاندان نوبختي و... تعاملات‌ مختلفي برقرار كردند كه اين تعاملات‌ هرگز به خشونت نگراييد و هر دو گروه ، نظريات هم را با تسامح و تساهل ‌مي‌شنيدند. در نگاه كلي، در قرن چهارم هجري معتزله و شيعه خصوصاً شيعه زيديه تاثير متقابلي بر يكديگر برجا گذاشتند.

Since the second half of the first century AD onward, various verbal sects and cults began to flourish. One of the currents, thought was Mutazelie that had no desirable relations with Shia until the middle of third century AD. Therefore, at this point of times many leaders of two groups wrote so many refutations in the case of each other, that their purpose was to defend their beliefs against each other, which in many cases were associated with prejudice and condone of the fact. But , since the second half of the third century AD, this thought went otherwise. Especially with coming of Ale Boyeh Shiite government, intellectual relations of Mutazelies and Shiites were closed to each other. So that, many Shiites gained so much knowledge from Mutazeleʹs masters. Some of Mutazelies like Ravandi and Abo Isa waragh joined Shiism.The term Shiite Mutazelie in this era, was the most common term that referred to mutazeles that were tending to Shiism. Many Shiite leaders established various interactions with Shia thought leaders like sheikh Mofied, nobakhtʹs families and … . and these interactions were never lead to violence and both groups heard the theories of each other with tolerance. In general overview it must be said that in the fourth century AD, Mutazele and Shia, especially Zeydi Shia had mutual effects on each other.