راه‌حل معضل شر از ديدگاه حكما و متكلمان مسلمان

A Solution to the Dilemma of Evil in the View of Muslim Philosophers and Mutikallimun

مسايل مربوط به مسيله شر ـ‌ همچون فلسفه وجودي شرور، افعال قبيح و فاعل حقيقي آنها‌ـ يكي از مهمترين مسايل فلسفي و كلامي است كه از دير‌باز انديشه آدميان را به خود مشغول داشته و زمينه پيدايش پرسشها و شبهه‌هايي را درباره بنياديترين آموزه‌هاي اديان آسماني همچون حكمت، عدالت، قدرت، خيرخواهي و عنايت الهي فراهم آورده است، تا آنجا كه به توهم برخي، اصل وجود خدا يا مطلق بودن صفاتي چون علم، قدرت و خيرخواهي او را به چالش ميكشاند. از اينرو متفكران مسلمان در طول تاريخ تلاش كرده‌اند راه‌حلهايي براي پاسخ به شبهات و حل معضل شر بيابند. نوشتار حاضر به معرفي و ارزيابي مهمترين رهيافتهاي متكلمان و فلاسفه اسلامي براي گشودن معماي شر، تبيين راه حل اساسي مشكل شر در فلسفه و كلام اسلامي و سازگاري آن با وجود و صفات كمال واجب تعالي ميپردازد.

The problems related the issue of evil, such as the ontological philosophy of evil-doers, obscene acts, and their true agent, are among the most important philosophical and kalami problems which have occupied the minds of human beings since long ago and prepared the ground for certain questions and suspicions regarding the most fundamental teachings of heavenly religions such as wisdom, justice, power, benevolence, and divine favor. In this way, some have developed the illusion of challenging the essence of God’s Existence or the absoluteness of His Attributes, such as knowledge, power, and benevolence. Accordingly, in the course of history, Muslim thinkers have tried to find some solutions to the questions and ambiguities regarding the problem of evil. The present paper is intended to introduce and evaluate the most important approaches presented by Muslim philosophers and mutikallimun in order to unravel the mystery of evil, explain a basic solution to the problem of evil in Islamic philosophy and kalam, and justify its compatibility with the existence and attributes of Almighty Necessary.