جريان خيارات در اقاله

The Process of Options (Khiyarat) in the Termination of Contract by Mutual Consent (Iqala)

در پژوهش حاضر، جريان خيارات در اقاله بررسي شده است. مطابق ماده 283 قانون مدني، بعد از معامله، طرفين مي‌توانند به تراضي آن را اقاله يا تفاسخ نمايند. همان گونه كه از واژه تفاسخ برمي‌آيد، اثر اقاله فسخ عقد پيشين است؛ به اين معنا كه با توافق دو طرف بر اقاله عقد، قرارداد مزبور منحل مي‌شود. اما سوالي كه وجود دارد اين است كه آيا اقاله انجام‌شده خود قابل فسخ است يا خير؟ به عبارت ديگر، آيا خيارات در اقاله جاري مي‌شوند؟ در پاسخ به اين پرسش، مشهور فقيهان اماميه و اكثر اساتيد حقوق مدني بر اين باورند كه فسخ اقاله امكان‌پذير نيست. با اين حال، مطالعه موضوع در اقوال نويسندگان حقوقي و فقهي و بررسي ادله استنادي مشهور، اين نتيجه را حاصل نمود كه با توجه به ماهيت قراردادي اقاله، جريان خيارات در آن با مانع حقوقي مواجه نيست؛ چراكه قاعده لاضرر و اصل حكومت اراده و لزوم احترام به خواست طرفين، وجود خيارات را توجيه مي‌كند. بنابراين مطابق قاعده، بايد گفت كه اقاله نيز قابل فسخ است، مگر آنكه اراده دو طرف به طور صريح يا ضمني بر خلاف آن باشد.

The present research is going to study the process of options (khiyarat) in the termination (or cancellation) of the contract by mutual consent (iqala). According to article 283 of the civil code of Iran, after transactions (dealings), the contracting parties can terminate or cancel the contract with mutual consent. As it is clear the term tafasokh (breaking up by sides of contract), the result of iqala is the annulment or cancellation of the former contract. It means that with mutual consent of contracting parties to cancel or terminate the contract, the mentioned contract is broken up (annulled). But there is a question if the done (exercised or performed) iqala itself can be annulled. In other words, are options (khyiarat) extended to (run into) iqala? To answer this stated question, the most well-known imami jurists and majority of law scholars believe that the cancelation of iqala is impossible. But studying the subject in the discourses of law and Islamic jurisprudential authors and examining the famous dependent evidences (on the basis of the famous proofs), with considering the nature of the contracting iqala, this result is achieved the process of options does not face the legal obstacle. Because the principle of no harm (la zarar) and the principle of autonomy (Party autonomy) and the necessity of considering the opinion of contracting parties, being (existence) of options is justified. Therefore, according to the principle, it can be stated that iqala is revocable (capable of being revoked or cancelled) unless the will of both sides implicitly or directly is contrary to it. Keywords: The termination (or cancellation) of the contract by mutual consent (iqala), Contract, Annulment or cancellation, The will of both sides of contract, No harm inflicted (l? ?arar).