مباني تداوم شخصيت حقوقي انسان پس از مرگ در مذاهب خمسه و حقوق موضوعه

The Basis of the Continuity of the Legal Personality of Man after His Passing away in the Five Schools of Islamic Thought and Positive Law of Iran

با توجه به موازين فقهي و حقوقي، هر فردي از ابتداي حياتِ خود شخصيت حقوقي دارد و مي‌تواند طرف حق و تكليف قرار گيرد و نسبت به اجراي حقوق و اداي تكاليفش اقدام كند. اما اينكه با رخداد مرگ چه تغييري در وضعيت شخصيت حقوقي و اهليت افراد پيش خواهد آمد، ديدگاه‌ها در مذاهب اسلامي و حقوق موضوعه مختلف است؛ اگرچه عموماً فقهاي اسلامي و حقوق‌دانان، مرگ را پايان اهليت انسان مي‌دانند، به نظر مي‌رسد با توجه به مناقشاتِ وارده بر اين نظريه، همچنين استحكام مباني ديدگاهي كه مرگ را تنها پايان‌بخشِ اهليت استيفا دانسته و اهليت تمتع را همچنان باقي مي‌داند، ضرورت بررسي دوباره اين موضوع كه مبناي بسياري از آراي فقهي و حقوقي است، احساس مي‌شود. اين پژوهش به روش تحليلي ـ توصيفي و با استفاده از منابع كتابخانه‌اي انجام شده است و با هدف اثبات تداوم شخصيت و اهليت انسان پس از مرگ، ضمن نقد ديدگاه‌هاي مخالفان، با ارايه ادلّه در بقاي ذمّه متوفّا ورثه را قايم‌مقامِ متوفّا در مطالبه بسياري از حقوقي دانسته كه با مبناي مشهور كه عدم تداومِ اهليت متوفّاست، مطالبه آن ممكن نيست يا از بابِ حقِ متوفّا مطالبه نمي‌شود. نيز اين نظريه، محدوده مطالبه ديون مالي و غير مالي متوفّا را متحوّل خواهد كرد.

According to the jurisprudential and legal principles (rules), everyone from the beginning of his life has legal personality and can be considered the subject of rights and duties (obligations). He can practice the execution of his rights and carry out his duties. But what change will occur (appear) in his legal personality and personal capacity with occurring death? There are different opinions in the Islamic schools and positive law whereas most of the Islamic jurists (fuqaha) and law scholars believe that the death is the end of human capacity but with considering debates over this issue and stable bases of the opinion which believe death is the end of the capacity to exercise rights and still standing the capacity of acquiring rights, it feels the necessity of reinvestigating this subject which is the basis of many jurisprudential and legal attitudes. This note with analytic-descriptive method and with using library (research) sources has been adopted and aiming to prove the continuity of personality and human capacity after passing away, meanwhile criticizing the attitudes of opponents, with presenting evidences to the continuity of the liability of the dead, the heirs are substitute for the dead for asking many rights which they cannot be asked with the basis of well-known scholars which is based on the discontinuity of capacity of the dead or because of the rights of the dead are not asked. These opinions will advance the limit of asking financial liabilities and non-financial liabilities of the dead. Keywords: The continuity of the legal personality, Liability, Capacity, The dead (deceased person).