ماهيت‌شناسي مدني صدور چك عادي در حقوق ايران

The Civil Nature of Drawing the Regular Cheque (Check) in the Law of Iran

چك عادي به ويژه هنگامي كه در وجه ديگري صادر شده، يكي از پركاربردترين گونه‌هاي چك است. در ماهيت حقوقي اين گونه چك، ميان حقوق‌دانان اختلاف وجود دارد. گروهي از نويسندگان آن را تبديل تعهد شمرده‌اند. پاره‌اي از حقوق‌دانان آن را حواله و برخي ديگر آن را انتقال طلب مي‌دانند. در هر سه ديدگاه، چك مشمول احكام آن قراردادها خواهد گرديد؛ از جمله، ذمه متعهد نسبت به تعهد پايه بري گشته و نسبت به تعهد جديد ناشي از چك اشتغال مي‌يابد. در اين جستار سه نظريه عمده توصيف و سپس تحليل خواهند شد. در اين جستار به پشتوانه نااميدي بسياري از حقوق‌دانان از ماهيت‌هاي پيشيني، چك به عنوان قراردادي مستقل شناسايي مي‌شود كه قانون‌گذار احكام ويژه آن را بيان داشته است. بر اين پايه، چك قراردادي بانام، تشريفاتي، عهدي، تبعي، لازم و در برخي موارد مشروط است كه در صورت نقض تعهد از سوي صادركننده، امكان طرح مسيوليت قراردادي و فسخ قرارداد پيش روي دارنده چك خواهد بود.

The regular cheque (check) is the most common usefulness of cheque types specially when it is made out payable (drawn) in favour of a payee. There is disagreement between law scholars about the nature of this type of cheque. Some believe (have counted) that it is as alternation of debt or obligation (novation) and some others think it is the transfer of ownership and a draft (bill of exchange) and some others think it is the cession (transfer) of claims. Cheques are included all situations of those contracts in all three attitudes (views); such as the liability or obligation of debtor is acquainted or released (from) to the base liability or obligation and owing (indebtaed) due to the new obligation originated from the cheque. This research is going to study and analyze these three main views. This note with regarding the disappointment of many of the law scholars to the prior natures, cheques are considered as an independent contract (agreement) that the legislature has stated its specific conditions. Based on this, cheques are a contract with the name of payee, formal, liable, accessory and in some cases are conditional which if this obligation is breached or violated by the drawers, it is possible to be put forward the contractual obligations and annulment of the contract by the payee. Keywords: Cheque (check), Alternation of debt or obligation (novation), Transfer of ownership and a draft (bill of exchange), The cession (transfer) of claims, An independent contract (agreement).