اصول طراحي فضاي مسكوني، با رويكرد ارتقا خلاقيت

Design principles of residential space to enhance children’s(3-7 years old) creativity in iran (Case study:Tehran district 4)

پرورش، ارتقا و جهت‌دهي خلاقيت، ­در كودكان به دليل قرارگيري در سن رشد، اهميت دارد. تحقيقات روان‌شناسي در مورد خلاقيت1 بر تاثير محيط فيزيكي بر خلاقيت متمركز بوده است. يكي از روش‌هاي ارتقا خلاقيت، بهره‌گيري از تاثير مثبت محيط طبيعي يا مصنوع، در بروز و افزايش خلاقيت در كودكان است. ادبيات موضوع نشان مي‌دهد كه فضا و محيط دربروزخلاقيت و كيفيت ­رشد آن موثر است. فضا ممكن است فضاي طبيعي يا مصنوع و انسان‌ساز باشد. اما ساخت ‌و سازهاي معماري در جهت تاثير بر پرورش خلاقيت، بسيار كمرنگ است. سوال اصلي اين پژوهش اين است كه كدام ويژگي‌هاي فضاي مسكوني بر ارتقا خلاقيت تاثير دارند. پژوهش حاضر، به دنبال دستيابي به اصول طراحي فضاي مسكوني است كه باعث افزايش خلاقيت كودكان شود. تحقيق حاضر توسعه‌اي بوده و روش تحقيق انتخابي تحقيق توصيفي-پيمايشي است كه در 5 مرحله اصلي انجام شده است. جامعه تحقيق مرحله دوم متخصصين روان‌شناسي، سوم متخصصين معماري و چهارم كودكان 3-7 ساله از منطقه 4 شهر تهران است. نمونه‌هاي مورد مطالعه در مرحله دوم به وسيله تكنيك دلفي شامل 108 متخصص روان‌شناسي و درمرحله سوم، متخصصين معماري در دو زير‌مرحله ابتدايي 50 متخصص معماري، مرحله تكميلي 120 متخصص معماري و در مرحله چهارم 50 كودك زير دبستاني 3-7 ساله ساكن منطقه 4 تهران است. جمع‌آوري داده‌ها به وسيله مصاحبه و پرسشنامه باز پاسخ و بسته پاسخ و پرسشنامه تصويري براي كودكان، انجام شده و براي بررسي فرضيه‌ها از آمار توصيفي شامل محاسبه شاخص‌هاي آماري و تنظيم جدول توزيع فراواني و از آمار استنباطي شامل آزمون ناپارامتريك ضريب همبستگي اسپيرمن، آزمون آماري رگرسيون خطي چند‌متغيره و آزمون ناپارامتريك فريدمن استفاده شده و با استفاده از آزمون‌هاي كروسكال و اليس و من ويتني اصول معماري رتبه‌بندي و انتخاب‌شده‌اند. مطابق يافته‌هاي اين تحقيق، محيط كالبدي فضاي مسكوني بر روي رشد خلاقيت كودك اثر گذاشته و در فضاي مسكوني، با به كارگيري عناصر طبيعي، ايجاد فضاي ايمن، فضاي پيچيده و فضاي انعطاف‌پذير از طريق تاثير مثبت بر انگيزش كودك براي بازي، آرامش رواني، ابتكاروكنجكاوي در كودك مي‌توان خلاقيت كودك را ارتقا بخشيد. اصول طراحي منتج از پژوهش به اين قرار است : 1. طراحي و ايجاد فضاهاي كالبدي مسكوني با استفاده از بدنه‌هاي تحريك‌كننده و بازي‌ساز. 2. ايجاد آرامش و امنيت رواني با طراحي و ايجاد فضاي مسكوني امن (ايمني كالبدي). 3. طراحي و ايجاد فضاهايي پيچيده و چالش‌برانگيز. 4. طراحي و ايجاد فضاهاي مسكوني تغير‌پذير و منعطف (انعطاف‌پذيري فضايي و فرمي).

In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies on the effect of natural and artificial environments on humans. There is much evidence that being in natural environments, or just looking at nature, promotes recovery from stress. In the residential context, it has also been suggested that views of nature from windows enhances residents’ sense of well-being. Viewing a 10- minute video dominated by natural elements (trees, vegetation, or water) after the participants were stressed by a video of industrial accidents facilitated recovery from stress, as indicated by lowered blood pressure, lowered muscle tension, and skin conductance. Young children spend most of their time at home. Although some spend a lot of their time at outside facilities such as daycare center, kindergarten, or school, most children still recognize home as their permanent space. They become attached to their home and feel safe and secure. When they are at home. They attach meanings to their home and that becomes part of their culture. Children’s experiences and images of early childhood are “the most deeply scored and enduring”. Children develop interests at this environment, which helps them resolve inner conflicts, make sense of their existence, and develop self-regulation and self-concept. Cohen states that “the passionate interests of young children can be thought of as the seeds of adult creativity. Creativity has been the subject of interest and study for the past 60 years. Because of being in growth ages, activation, promoting and directing creativity in children is important. Still, creativity is mysterious! It is hard to do systematic analysis. This makes it hard to understand and explain why and how creativity happens and what elements it is related to. Furthermore, the variety of definitions of creativity among researchers makes it even more complicated to understand and study because there is no definitive meaning accepted by all. People define creativity as the ability to produce novel and original work within specific framework and limitations. Children are creative by nature. Social psychologists argue that creative people begin their creative production early in life. The focus of research on the creativity has been from psychology features to the impact of the physical environment on these features. One of the ways to promote creativity, using the impact of natural or artificial environment to create and enhance the creativity factors in children. Literature suggests that Space and environment in creativity and its quality of growth have an important role. This spaces may be natural spaces or artificial space and in other words the architecture environment. But the construction of architecture to influence the cultivation of creativity is very pale. The real question is, which features in residential space impact on the promotion of creative task. The present study seeks to achieve residential space design principles that will enhance children’s creativity. This research is developmental and research method is descriptive that is done in five main step. Then, using the survey method one of descriptive research methods, Second stage and third stage of the research community are psychology experts and architecture professionals. Fourth stage research community are 3-7 years-old children in Tehran from district 4. After selecting the sample and data collection by interview, questionnaire, using inferential statistics, hypothesis tests are proposed. To evaluate the hypothesis of descriptive statistics and statistical indicators set by the frequency and inferential non-parametric Spearman test, multiple linear regression test and Friedman nonparametric test was used. According to the findings, physical environment in residential spaces affects the development of children’s creativity and in residential space, using natural elements, creating a safe space, complex space and flexible space, through a positive impact on children’s motivation for physical activity(playing), mental relaxation, initiative and Child’s curiosity children’s creativity can be promoted. The present study seeks to achieve the design principles of residential space that will enhance children’s creativity.