پوشكين؛ سعدي جوان روسيه (جايگاه سعدي در اشعار پوشكين)

Pushkin, the Young Saʹʹadi of Russia (The Position of Saadi in the Poetry of Pushkin)

پوشكين پديده فوق‌‌العاده‌اي در ادبيات روسيه و حتي جهان است كه در آثارش ايده‌‌هاي جهاني مي‌‌درخشند. هيچ‌كس مانند پوشكين توانايي مبدل شدن به انسان ديگر ملل و اين‌چنين موثق از زبان او حرف زدن را ندارد. اين ويژگي پوشكين در توصيف فرهنگ و نابغه بزرگ ايران، سعدي، آن‌قدر زياد است كه در سال 1824 ميلادي و پس از چاپ منظومه فواره باغچه‌سراي، با سرلوحه‌‌اي از سخنان سعدي، شاهزاده شاليكوف، ناشر مجله دامسكي ژورنال، به او لقب «سعدي جوان» داد؛ زيرا پوشكين براي نخستين بار در ادبيات روسيه نشان داد كه چگونه بايد سعدي، نابغه ايراني، را توصيف كرد. در مقاله حاضر به موضوع پوشكين و سعدي و نيز به نقش ارزشمند و كليدي سخنان سعدي در بيان انديشه‌‌هاي پوشكين در منظومه فواره باغچه‌سراي و بعضي از آثار ديگرش مي‌‌پردازيم. برخي از انديشه‌‌هاي سعدي، مانند سرلوحه فواره باغچه‌سراي ـ كه برگرفته از باب اول بوستان سعدي است ـ در بسياري از آثار و مكاتبات پوشكين به‌وفور تكرار شده و همچون يك مَثَل در بين مردم روسيه ساري و جاري است؛ اين مضامين در آثار پوشكين، يادآور ياد و خاطره دوستانِ دكابريست وي و نيز بيانگر حس دلتنگي شاعر به‌‌دليل دوري و از دست دادن آن‌‌هاست.

Pushkin is an extraordinary phenomenon in Russian and also the world literature with works on which the global ideas shine in. Nobody is able, just like Pushkin, to demonstrate a man of other nations and to speak on behalf of him so authentically. His ability in describing Iranian culture and also Iranian genius poet, Saadi, was so that Prince Shalikov, the publisher of “Damskii zhurnal”, called him “The Young Saadi” in 1824, after publishing “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray” poem with a frontispiece of Saadiʹs words, because for the first time in Russian literature, Pushkin showed, through his fascinating poems, the way one should describe the Iranian genius poet Saadi. Pushkin and Saadi are being compared with each other, in present essay, and the valuable and key role of Saadi’s words in Pushkin’s expressing his ideas in his poem “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray” and some of his other works are studied. Some of Saadi’s ideas like those in frontispiece to “The Fountain of Bakhchisaray” are adopted from the first chapter of his masterpiece Boostan, and have been repeated frequently in many of Pushkin’s works and correspondences, in addition to his novel “Eugene Onegin”, and have been used by Russians as proverbs. These ideas, in Pushkinʹs works, recalled the memory of his Decaabrist friends and also expressed a sense of the poetʹs nostalgia as a result of separation or losing them.