«اصالت وجود» و تحول در منطق تعريف

Principiality of Existence and Change in the Logic of Definition

يكي از دغدغه‌هاي اصلي منطق ارسطويي، يافتن راهي براي تعريف ماهيات بمنظور دست يافتن به شناخت تصوري آنهاست. ارسطو نظام منطق تعريف را متناسب با جهانشناسي خود بنا نهاد. در اين نظام، تعاريف حقيقي به حد و رسم تقسيم ميشدند. پس از ارسطو، منطق تعريف قرنها به همان شاكله اوليه مورد قبول حكيمان و اهل منطق بود. مشاييان مسلمان نيز كمابيش بر همان مسير ميرفتند تا اينكه در سير تكاملي فلسفه در جهان اسلام، ملاصدرا با تبيين اصالت وجود و اثبات آن و نيز تاسيس چند اصل وجودشناختي ديگر، دستگاه فلسفي حكمت متعاليه را بنا نهاد. از جمله مختصات حكمت متعاليه آنست كه مبانيِ وجودشناختي منطق تعريف را بشدت به چالش كشيد. با اصالت يافتن وجود، ماهيات ـ كه از نظر پيشينيان مبين حقايق عيني اشيا بودندـ به مفاهيم ذهني تنزل پيدا ميكنند و وجود كه حقيقت عيني هر شي است، جز با مشاهده قابل دريافت نيست. از طرفي، در اين نظام، فصل كه قوام هر ماهيت به آنست و تمامِ حقيقت و فعليت شي شمرده ميشود، امري ماهوي نيست و با مفاهيم ماهوي شناخته نميشود. بدين ترتيب، بنيان كليات خمس بعنوان زير بناي منطق تعريف متزلزل گرديد. بدنبال اين تحولات، بايد شاهد بازنگري بنيادين در منطق ارسطويي و مشخصاً باب تعريف آن باشيم. حاصلِ اين تحولِ بنيادين، چيزي جز اهميت يافتن تعاريف مفهوميِ حقايق نخواهد بود كه اين از نتايج مهم اصالت وجود ميباشد.

One of the main concerns of Aristotelian logic is to find a way for defining quiddities in order to attain a conceptual knowledge of them. Aristotle founded his system of logic of definition in harmony with his own worldview. In this system, true definitions were divided into term and description. After Aristotle, the logic of definition was accepted by philosophers and logicians in its same primary form for a long period. Muslim Peripatetics followed almost the same trend until, in the course of the development of philosophy in the Islamic world, Mulla Sadra established the School of the Transcendent Philosophy through explaining and demonstrating the principiality of existence as well as developing some other ontological principles. One of the specific features of the Transcendent Philosophy was to harshly challenge the ontological bases of the logic of definition. Based on the theory of the principiality of existence, quiddities which, according to early philosophers, represent the objective reality of things, are reduced to mental concepts, and existence, which is the objective reality of things, cannot be perceived unless through direct observation. On the other hand, in this system, differentia, which is the basis of each quiddity and is considered to be the whole truth and actuality of each object, is not a quiddative thing and cannot be known through quiddative concepts. In this way, the basis of the five universals as the underlying foundation of the logic of definition became unstable. Following such changes, we expect to witness a fundamental review of Aristotelian logic and, particularly, of the concept of definition therein. The outcome of this overall change would be nothing but attaching more importance to the conceptual definition of truths, which is one of the significant consequences of the theory of the principiality of existence.