بازخواني نقاشي سقاخانه از منظر هرمنوتيك گادامر

A Reexamination of Saqqā-ḵāna Painting from the View of Gadamer Hermeneutics

جنبش سقاخانه از جمله مهم‌ترين جنبش‌هاي هنري ايران بوده است كه هنرمندان آن با رويكردي ملي به‌ خلق اثر پرداخته‌اند. اين تحقيق كه با هدف مطالعه نقاشي سقاخانه با بهره‌‌گيري از مفاهيم هرمنوتيك گادامر انجام پذيرفته، با رويكردي توصيفي-‌‌‌‌تحليلي و گردآوري اطلاعات بهشيوه كتابخانهاي، به اين پرسش پاسخ داده است كه نحوه خلق آثار هنرمندان اين جنبش، تا چه ميزان با مفاهيم هرمنوتيك گادامر، مرتبط و قابل‌شرح است. انتظار مي‌رود مفاهيم هرمنوتيك گادامر به‌دليل قرابت با بسترهاي شكل‌گيري و خلق آثار نقاشي سقاخانه، زمينه مناسبي براي بازخواني اين جنبش فراهم نمايد. گادامر معتقد است هنگامي‌كه مفسر با متني قديمي روبروست، آن را به زمان معاصر خود منتقل مي‌كند و با آن به‌‌گفتگو مي‌نشيند. نقاشان سقاخانه نيز، متون قديمي؛ يعني عناصر و نقش‌مايه‌هاي سنتي را كه متعلق به گذشته بوده‌اند، به دوره معاصر خود منتقل كرده و از آن درجهت اهداف خود بهره برده‌اند. گادامر اعتقاد دارد در اين ميان مفسر، پيش‌داوري‌هاي خود يعني برداشت‌هايي كه متناسب با دوره‌ي خودش است را در روند تفسير دخالت مي‌دهد. نقاش سقاخانه نيز، اين نقش‌مايه‌ها را با زباني ملي و براساس رويكردهاي زمان خود به‌كار گرفته است. اين نقوش داراي زباني مشترك هستند كه ريشه در سنت‌هاي ايراني دارند. در اين ميان، شرايط تاريخي و اجتماعي ايران در زمان خلق آثار هنرمندان اين جنبش، به‌عنوان بافت و زمينه نيز تاثيرگذار بوده است.

Saqq?-??na artists looked to cults, rituals, and visual elements of folk and local vernacular culture for inspiration. Although many of these items appeared crude in their execution and lacked the artistic polish of artifacts made by professional calligraphers and painters, and were often created collaboratively as a kind of street art, their true significance was not lost to these artists. Viewed from this perspective, Saqq?-??na artists could be in fact considered successors to Iranian craftsmen of earlier century`s miniaturist, illuminators, calligraphers, and goldsmiths. In the view of the above-mentioned modern artists however, these roots had to be linked to modern styles and fused to create a distinctly national artistic expression. The Saqq?-??na movement in the sixties tried to find and establish a “national” or “Iranian” school of art. Exploring the various resources of folk decorative arts and designs, and reinterpreting of the traditional art forms, inspired and stimulated the artists to create innovatory works. Saqq?-??na artists used these elements in a variety of forms and numerous structural compositions. Many forms of traditional Persian arts and crafts were explored, including popular printed prayers; talismanic and magical seals, amulets, and shirts; astrolabes, props used in mourning processions; motifs from local handicraft (rugs, carpets); ancient pottery motifs; such popular religious artifacts as the J?m-e ?ehel kelid (the forty keys vessel) and the panja-e panj tan (the Five Holy Ones’ palm of the hand); elements of Qajar art; enameled bowls from Rey adorned with horse-riders; and Persian calligraphy and painting; Achaemenid and Sasanian inscription or epigraphy, and Assyrian bas-reliefs. Persian poetry and eastern gnostic and mystical symbols also featured in the works of these artists. The Saqq?-??na movement has been among the most important of artistic movement of Iran that its artists have worked with a national approach. This research with the aim of studying of Saqq?-??na painting with usage of Gadamers’ Hermeneutics of meaning, with a descriptional-analytical approach, attempts to answer to the question: how much is connected and explainable type creation of the works of artists in this movement with the meanings of Gadamer’s Hermeneutics. It is supposed due to proximity of the meanings of Gadamer’s Hermeneutics with the substrate formation and creation of Saqq?-??na works, the meanings provide a suitable ground for representing of this movement. Gadamer believes when the interpreter confronts with one old context, he/she transfers it to his/her contemporary time and sits and talks with it. saqq?-??na painters have used old contexts namely elements and traditional motifs that have been from the past within the thought of their own time. Gadamer believes in the meantime, the interpreter enters his/her prejudices in the interpretion that is meant their thoughts proportional with his/her own time. The saqq?-??na painter has used the past motifs that have been in the traditions with a national language and according to his/her contemporary approaches. These motifs have common language with Iranian tradition. Meanwhile, the historical and social conditions as the ground, has been very